Boykins invention significantly reduced the cost of production of hundreds of electronic devices while making them much more reliable than previously possible. 2023 InvenTeam Mid-Grant Technical Reviews. Otis Boykin was born on Sunday, 242 nd day / 35 th week of 1920 Otis Boykin has Virgo zodiac sign and Earth element based on western astrology [13] One of his early inventions was an improved wire resistor, which had reduced inductance and reactance, due to the physical arrangement of the wire. Otis Boykin is best known for inventing an improved electrical resistor used in computers, radios, television sets and a variety of electronic devices. Boykin decided to pursue his graduate education at the Illinois Institute of Technology in 1946. Otis himself grew up to be a religious person. He rose in the ranks, ultimately serving as a supervisor. He took a job as a lab assistant with the Majestic Radio and TV Corporation in Chicago. In due course, he was able to make important inventions that revolutionized how we live. 2023-24 InvenTeam Grants Application Open! BlackPast.org is a 501(c)(3) non-profit and our EIN is 26-1625373. Every two seconds someone in the U.S. needs blood. Otis Boykin's noteworthy inventions include a wire precision resistor and a control unit for the pacemaker. [12] He is best known for inventing multiple different electronic control devices in guided missiles, IBM computers, and in the pacemaker. Boykin then moved around to various companies. In World War II, he played a major role in developing the first large-scale blood banks and blood plasma programs. This resistor allowed for a specific amounts of current to flow through for a specific purpose and would be used in radios and televisions. Boykin died of heart failure in Chicago in 1982. Soon he was reassembling wire resistors for domestic electronic appliances. Boykin was born on August 29, . What Will Your Child Gain From NIHF Education Programs? John C Abercrombie. Otis Frank Boykin Courtesy Boykin family The inventor Otis Frank Boykin, known for inventing the wire precision resistor, was born on August 29, 1920 in Dallas, Texas. She is currently serving as the Chief Digital Service Officer with the US Department of Education. After graduating from Fisk University in 1941 in Nashville, Tennessee, hewas employed as a laboratory assistant for the Majestic Radio and TV Corporation of Chicago, testing automatic controls for airplanes. Otis F. Boykin was born on August 29, 1920 in Dallas, Texas. In addition to her lengthy list of academic achievements, she also has an impressive number of inventions under her belt. He majored in electronic resistors. Otis Boykin was born in Dallas, Texas on August 29, 1920. Otis Frank Boykin earned his first patent in 1959. Boykin's inventions also helped the world achieve the technology so prevalent today. In 1989, he put this idea to work, using 65,000 processes to invent the worlds first massively parallel processing supercomputer able to perform 3.1 billion calculations per second. ThinkGrowth.org is no longer accepting guest post submissions. His mother was a homemaker and died of cardiac complications barely a year after Boykin was born. The computer manufacturer IBM also used it to strengthen its hardware. Heritage Gives Way to Modern Ingenuity, http://www.black-inventor.com/Otis-Boykin.asp. His inventions covered a wide range including electrical resistor technology used in televisions, radios, computers, pacemakers, and guided missiles. Due to cost, Philip Emeagwali was forced to drop out of school at age 14. Early life and education [ edit] Otis Boykin was born on August 29, 1920, in Dallas, Texas. And thanks to the Academy Award nominated film, Hidden Figures, were now all familiar with the amazing contributions of Katherine Johnson, Dorothy Vaughan, and Mary Jackson. Dr. Shirley Jackson is an American physicist who received her Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1973. He stayed there for about three years. Celebrate 50 Years of Innovation With the National Inventors Hall of Fame! He enrolled for a degree at Fisk University in Nashville on a scholarship. His designs are still in use in nearly all aspects of electronic gadgets. With technology playing an even greater role in our everyday lives due to our increased need to work and learn remotely, we often take advantage of Boykins contributions to resistor technology without even knowing it. The transistor radio was one of the many devices affected by his work. An African-American inventor and engineer, Otis Boykin had a special interest in resistors. Boykin had 26 patents in his name and is famed for the development of IBM computers, burglar-proof cash register, chemical air filters, and an electronic resistor used in controlled missiles and other devices. His father was a carpenter who later became a preacher. Boykin earned his first patent in 1959 for a wire precision resistor, which allowed for the designation of a precise amount of resistance for a specific purpose. He developed a corded wire resistor in 1959. Boykin invented about 26 electronic devices and earned 11 patents. (2021, February 16). Croak holds over 135 patents, primarily in voice-over Internet protocol (VoIP), some in other areas. Boykin put his efforts into electronic researching. Otis Boykin's most notable contribution to science was likely the circuit improvements he made to pacemakers after losing his mother to heart failure a contribution that has saved countless lives since. On this day in 1961, an improved version of Boykin's electrical resistor was published and caught the attention of the military and one of America's top computer companies. Wilkins continued his studies there, earning bachelor, master, and eventually earning his doctorate degree in mathematics at the age of 19. By 1944, he was working for the P.J. Otis Boykin, who was born in 1920, was an avid inventor. Boykins college scholarship indicated that he was to work in the aerospace laboratory, as part of the work-study program. This new resistor was used by IBM in some of their computers and the military branches used the new design in some of its guided missiles. Nilsen Research Laboratories while trying to start his own business, Boykin-Fruth Incorporated. Additionally, Boykins device would enable the development of the control unit for the artificial heart pacemaker, a device created to produce electrical shocks to the heart to maintain a healthy heart rate. He developed the wire precision resistor which enabled manufacturers to accurately designate a value of resistance for an individual piece of wire in electronic equipment. The lack of tuition during his second degree did not dampen his zeal to invent. Hes published papers in mathematics, optics, and nuclear engineering. The construction of the honeycombed inspired him to rethink computer processing. The early demise of his mother through a heart failure inspired him to help others. Weve been busy, working hard to bring you new features and an updated design. He patented more than 25electronic devices, and hisinventions greatly assisted him in overcoming the obstacles that society placed in front of himduring that era of segregation. Read on for posts that were previously published here. Since Boykins lifetime, pacemakers have saved and lengthened the lives of many people around the world. Variations of his resistor technologies are used in televisions, radios, computers, pacemakers, and guided missiles. This is the inspiration that drove him to help improve the pacemaker. These are the refrigerated trucks that, to this day, safely transport stored blood to the location where it is needed most. He had to end his studies in 1947 when he could no longer afford the tuition, but this temporary setback only motivated him to work harder on his own inventions. All Rights Reserved. Soon after graduating, Otis Boykin joined Majestic Radio and TV Corporation. The finishing touch was an alarm button that, when pressed, would immediately contact the police. Boykins inventions included a chemical air filter, a burglar-proof cash register, and an improved electrical resistor. Interesting Facts About Otis Boykin His mother Sarah was a maid, who died when Otis was only a year old, of heart failure, which inspired him to make the control unit. This was followed by his 1961 patent for an electrical resistor that was both inexpensive and easy to produce. Otis Boykin, African American engineer and inventor, was born on August 29, 1920, in Dallas, Texas. Boykin was born on Aug. 29, 1920, in Dallas, Texas, to a family of modest means. When he died in 1982, he had 26 patents in his name. Otis Boykin was an African-American Inventor and Engineer, best known for his work in the field of Electronics and his involvement in the improvement of the Pacemaker. After translating an article, all tools except font up/font down will be disabled. That same year, he took a job as a lab assistant with the Majestic Radio and TV Corporation in Chicago, Illinois. Otis Frank Boykin was born in 1920 in Dallas, Texas, the seventh of eight children. Otis Frank Boykin (August 29, 1920 - March 26, 1982) was an American inventor and engineer. There and at other companies, he gained . "Otis Boykin." Her patent laid the groundwork for the modern closed-circuit television system that is widely used for surveillance, home security systems, push-button alarm triggers, crime prevention, and traffic monitoring. At the Manhattan Project, Wilkins worked with future Nobel laureate Eugene Wigner and made significant contributions to nuclear-reactor physics, now known as the Wilkins effect and the Wigner-Wilkins spectrum. If you ever enjoyed an animated Gif on the web, like this one amazing clip of a kitten being scared by an iguana, then you have Lisa Gelobter to thank. His father started as a carpenter but later became a church minister. He is today hailed as the person who made vast improvements on how the heart by-pass implants work in saving lives. Nilsen Research Labs. "Black Inventors Have a Patent on Obscurity. He started his firm, Boykin-Fruth Incorporated in 1946 while still working at P.J Nilsen. [6], In 19461947, he studied at Illinois Institute of Technology,[7] but dropped out after two years; some sources say it was because he could not afford his tuition, but he later stated he left for an employment opportunity, and did not have time to return to finish his degree. Astrological Sign: Virgo, Death Year: 1982, Death State: Illinois, Death City: Chicago, Death Country: United States, Article Title: Otis Boykin Biography, Author: Biography.com Editors, Website Name: The Biography.com website, Url: https://www.biography.com/inventors/otis-boykin, Publisher: A&E; Television Networks, Last Updated: March 24, 2021, Original Published Date: April 2, 2014. They didnt have technical education, but they were both exceptional at spotting ways to make peoples lives better. However, this did not deter him, and after graduating as valedictorian from Dallass Booker T. Washington High School in 1938, he earned a scholarship to attend Fisk University. Born Aug. 29, 1920 - Died March 1, 1982. [8] In the early 1960s, Boykin was a senior project engineer at the Chicago Telephone Supply Corporation, later known as CTS Labs. Perhaps most importantly, his work was used to create the first successful 0pacemaker. It was mounted on several ammunitions, including remote-guided missiles. Biography: Inventor, 1920-1982, Bio, http://www.biography.com/people/otis-boykin-538792; Frances T. Matlock, FUN FACTS Engineer Otis Boykin were born on Sunday, in a leap year, birthstone is Peridot, the seaon was Summer in the Chinese year of Monkey, it is 233 days until Otis Boykin next birthday. At 13, he became the University of Chicagos youngest student. In an effort to improve efficiency and eliminate the frequent stopping necessary for lubrication of trains, McCoy devised a method of automating the task. PERSONAL LIFE His father was a minister and a carpenter. He was the seventh of eight children of Walter Benjamin and Sarah Jane (Cox) Boykin. His designs are still in use in nearly all aspects of electronic gadgets. [2][3] His father, Walter B. Boykin, was a carpenter, and later became a preacher. Thanks to the, Perhaps Boykins greatest contribution came in 1964, when he created a, Otiss work was instrumental in making the components of the pacemaker longer-lasting and manufacturable at a lower cost, which in turn helped increase access to the therapy to improve patient care,, To discover our many amazing NIHF Inductees, we invite you to, Learn the February Star Signs of Great Hall of Famers, 2023 NIHF Inductee James A. Parsons Jr.: Metallurgist and Educator, 2023 NIHF Inductee Marjorie Stewart Joyner: A Trailblazer in the Beauty Industry, National Inventors Hall of Fame Instagram, Leadership Intern Program (High School & College Students), Apply for the Collegiate Inventors Competition. Over the course of his life he earned over 25 patents, his first issued in 1959 and his last in 1985. Many people have read the story of how George Washington Carver invented over 300 products made from peanuts: flour, paste, insulation, paper, wall board, wood stains, soap, shaving cream and skin lotion. Accessible across all of today's devices: phones, tablets, and desktops. They insisted on the authentic device, calling it the Real McCoy.. Otis Boykin is an African American scientist famed for his inventions in the world of microelectronics. He is credited for creating a burglar-proof cash register. By the time of his death in 1982 from heart failure, Boykin had presented several inventions, including a burglar-proof cash register and a chemical air filter. Otis F. Boykin was born on August 29, 1920 in Dallas, Texas. [5] He attended Fisk University[3] on a scholarship, worked as a laboratory assistant at the university's nearby aerospace laboratory, and left in 1941. How Does NIHF Help Districts Make the Best Use of ESSER Funds? Boykin died in Chicago in 1982 as a result of heart failure. Otis Boykin was an African American electrical engineer and inventor. South Carolina Constitutional Convention adopted, (1976) Congresswoman Barbara Jordan, Who, Then, Will Speak for the Common Good?, (1864) Frederick Douglass On The Mission Of The War. After graduating from Fisk University in 1941 in Nashville, Tennessee, he was employed as a laboratory assistant for the Majestic Radio and TV Corporation of Chicago, testing automatic controls for airplanes. His other claim to fame came from working on the Manhattan Project. Otis Boykin. It is difficult situations that many use as fuel to propel them to great heights. A new, third level of content, designed specially to meet the advanced needs of the sophisticated scholar. To share with more than one person, separate addresses with a comma. But, did you know that many of the products we use every day were created by black people? Boykin also created consumer innovations, including a "burglar-proof cash register and a chemical air filter.". It was so popular that when other inventors attempted to steal his idea and sell their own versions of the device, companies were not fooled. Otis F. Boykin was born on August 29, 1920 in Dallas, Texas. Boykins Electric Device Aid in Eisenhower Crisis, Pittsburgh Courier, It was 1950 before the Red Cross finally recognized all blood as being equal. The entrepreneurial bug bit early, and he soon started his own company, Boykin-Fruth Inc. A small donation would help us keep this available to all. Drew was a physician, surgeon, and medical researcher who worked with a team at Red Cross on groundbreaking discoveries around blood transfusions. According to MIT, he"created an electrical capacitor in 1965 and an electrical resistance capacitor in 1967, as well as a number of electrical resistance elements." It was a breakthrough device as it could withstand extreme changes in temperature and tolerate and withstand various levels of pressure and physical trauma without impairing its effectiveness. He joined various companies during his researching period. ", "Chicago Inventor Sues Company for $5 Million,", "African-American Inventors That Changed Our Lives," (, Dawn Turner Trice. African American inventor Otis F. Boykins work on improved electrical resistors made possible the steady workings of a variety of now-ubiquitous electronic devices. Bellis, Mary. Otis Boykins noteworthy inventions include a wire precision resistor and a control unit for the pacemaker. Boykin, who took a special interest in working with resistors, began researching and inventing on his own. His resistor was quickly incorporated into a number of products, including guided missiles and IBM computers in the United States and overseas. His venture did not last for long. Biography and associated logos are trademarks of A+E Networksprotected in the US and other countries around the globe. All Rights Reserved. Please note: Text within images is not translated, some features may not work properly after translation, and the translation may not accurately convey the intended meaning. To discover our many amazing NIHF Inductees, we invite you to visit our website. In 1944, Boykin began working for the P.J. Student Fellows Research Program: Recruitment Open! Follow us onTwitter. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. However, this did not deter him, and after graduating as valedictorian from Dallass Booker T. Washington High School in 1938, he earned a scholarship to attend Fisk University. Apart from electronics, he developed other improvements. Previously, Lisa was the Interim Head of Digital for BET Networks and ran Technology, Product and Business Operations. He concentrated on the most basic electronic component, the electric resistor. Aside from the resistor, Boykins most notable invention might be circuit improvements made to the pacemaker. [1] His inventions include electrical resistors used in computing, missile guidance, and pacemakers . Best Known For: Otis Boykins noteworthy inventions include a wire precision resistor and a control unit for the pacemaker. [10], After the suit was eventually dismissed, and his career at CTS had ended, he opened his own consulting and research company, with offices in both the US and Paris, France. ", , John Cassato Jr. In addition, a version of his resistor made possible the precise regulation necessary for the success of the pacemaker, which has helped to save and lengthen the lives of thousands of men and women around the world. Additionally, according to U.S. patent No. Redding was raised in Macon, Georgia, where he was deeply influenced by the subtle grace of Sam Cooke and the raw energy of Little Richard. Choose a language from the menu above to view a computer-translated version of this page. At the same time, he decided to continue his education, pursuing graduate studies at the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago, Illinois. While disabled from multiple sclerosis, Mary went on to invent the walker and the toilet-tissue holder. Enter the email address and password you used to join BlackFacts.com. QUICK FACTS Name: Otis Boykin Birth Year: 1920 Birth date: August 29, 1920 Birth State: Texas Birth City: Dallas Birth Country: United States Gender: Male Best Known For: Otis Boykin's. Although she was a full-time nurse, she recognized the security threats to her home and devised a system that would alert her of strangers at her door and contact relevant authorities as quickly as possible. In an interview with Medical Design & Outsourcing, Gabriel Mouchawar, divisional VP of product development at Abbott, explained that Boykins early technological contributions proved essential to making pacemakers accessible for many more people. In 1959, one of his resistors made was patented and produced by companies. [4] The two men later went into business, opening an electronics research lab in the late 1940s. Otis Boykin. To protect his inventions from imitations, Otis Boykin patented all his researches. In 1934, Boykin entered Booker T. Washington High School in Dallas, later graduating in 1938 as valedictorian of his class. Inventor and engineer Lewis Latimer was born in Chelsea, Massachusetts, on September 4, 1848. Like BlackAmericaWeb.com onFacebook. The lubricating cup met with enormous success and orders for it came in from railroad companies all over the country. While in college, he landed a job testing automatic aircraft controls at an aerospace laboratory close to the university. All Rights Reserved. Due to lack of tuition fees, he soon dropped out of college in 1947, just under two years after he enrolled. By continuing to use this site, you consent to the terms of our cookie policy, which can be found in our. From a humble background as the son of a carpenter, he worked his way up the society. Meanwhile, he continued working on resistors until the end of his life. Nilsen Research Labs. She died when Boykin was just 12 years old. Mary and her sister Mildred patented many practical inventions. After graduating high school, he attended Fisk College in Nashville, Tennessee. He was a creative inventor, living his life during a time when African-Americans were segregated. James Earl Ray; Religion in Black America; LeVar Burton; Anti-Segregation Campaign; Martin Luther King Jr. jailed; Civil Rights Movement . He graduated in 1941 and took a job as a laboratory assistant with the Majestic Radio and TV Corporation in Chicago, Illinois. This patent a huge breakthrough in science had theability to withstand extreme accelerations and shocks and great temperature changes without danger of breakage of the fine resistance wire or other detrimental effects. Due to the significant cost reduction of electrical components and the fact that the electrical resistor was more reliable than others on the market, theU.S. military utilizedthis device for guided missiles; IBM used it for computers. To re-enable the tools or to convert back to English, click "view original" on the Google Translate toolbar. Electrical resistors and its technology was transformed due to the inventions of Otis Boykin. The inventor Otis Frank Boykin, known for inventing the wire precision resistor, was born on August 29, 1920 in Dallas, Texas. [3], In the 1950s, Boykin and Fruth worked together at the Monson Manufacturing Corporation; Boykin was the company's chief engineer. Other applications of Boykins invention included guided missiles, televisions, and IBM computers. Most notably, however, his work enabled control functions for the first successful, implantable pacemaker. Meet Marie Van Brittan Brown. In 2013, Marian Croak was inducted into Women in Technology Internationals hall of fame, a move that recognizes her remarkable achievements in tech. In 1964, Boykin moved to Paris, creating electronic innovations for a new market of customers. Otis Boykin (1920-1982) According to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Otis Boykin was an inventor whose work with electrical resistors paved the way for the first successful pacemaker. In fact, hes often called The Bill Gates of Africa.. [14], Other notable inventions include a variable resistor used in guided missiles. Two years later, he created a breakthrough device that could withstand extreme changes in temperature and pressure. Otis Boykin was born on Aug. 29, 1920, in Dallas, Texas. To learn more about the inventions of Otis Boykin, visit: Otis F. Boykin: Black Inventor Online Museum Black History Pages: Boykin In 1959, Boykin invented his wire precision resistor and two . Thanks to Charles Drew, that blood is available. [11], Boykin patented as many as 26 devices. In 1944, he moved to Illinois to work in the P.J. Three years laster he left Majestic and took a position as a research engineer with the P.J. https://www.thoughtco.com/otis-boykin-biography-1991373 (accessed March 1, 2023). Today, Marian is an SVP at AT&T, serves as a mentor for women in AT&T labs, and sits on the board for the Holocaust, Genocide and Human Rights Education Center. ThoughtCo, Feb. 16, 2021, thoughtco.com/otis-boykin-biography-1991373. He focused primarily on resistors technology that reduces the flow of electricity to allow the safe operation of an electronic device. Otis Boykin was born in Dallas, Texas in 1920 to a working class family and graduated high school in 1938 as valedictorian of his class. So the next time youre escaping a hot day inside your cool house, dont forget to thank Lewis Latimer. [4] He was subsequently hired as a laboratory assistant for the Majestic Radio and Television Corporation; at that company, he rose to become foreman of their factory. Otis Boykin was an inventor responsible for many important electrical devices that are used in modern times, most notably the electrical resistor. It could function well under rugged shocks without breakages. Otis Boykin graduated from Fisk College in 1941 and took a job with the Majestic Radio and TV Corporation. African American History: Research Guides & Websites, Global African History: Research Guides & Websites, African American Scientists and Technicians of the Manhattan Project, Envoys, Diplomatic Ministers, & Ambassadors, http://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/otis-boykin, http://www.biography.com/people/otis-boykin-538792, http://www.black-inventor.com/Otis-Boykin.asp, Foundation, Organization, and Corporate Supporters. But this single improvement was among a long list of achievements. Perhaps Boykins greatest contribution came in 1964, when he created a control unit for pacemakers, small devices that help regulate the heartbeat by administering electric stimulation. Otis Frank Boykin was born on August 29, 1920, in Dallas, Texas. But without Otis Boykin, pacemakers wouldn't have the pacing technology they do today. Boykin was born in Dallas, Texas, on August 29, 1920 to parents of modest means. Born August 29th in Dallas, Texas, Otis Boykin attended Booker T Washington High School in Dallas, Texas before graduating as the Valedictorian in 1938 and moving onto the famous . As an adult, Emeagwali began studying nature, specifically bees. Life has its ironies. Your Privacy Choices: Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads, Name: Otis Boykin, Birth Year: 1920, Birth date: August 29, 1920, Birth State: Texas, Birth City: Dallas, Birth Country: United States. He earned his first patent in 1959 for a wire precision resistor, which according to MIT "allowed for the designation of a precise amount of resistance for a specific purpose." When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. In 1961, he developed another cheap to assemble resistor. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/otis-boykin-biography-1991373. After graduating high school, he attended Fisk College in Nashville, Tennessee. Boykin attended Booker T. Washington High School from 1934 to 1938. This is necessary to prevent too much electricity from passing through a component than is necessary or even safe. Well, meet Lonnie Johnson, the man that gave us the most famous water gun the Super Soaker. 20072023 Blackpast.org. He graduated in 1941. Nilsen Research Laboratories, and he eventually founded his own company, Boykin-Fruth Inc. Hal Fruth was his mentor at the time and business partner. Inventor and Engineer . By. Copyright 1997 - 2023 Black Facts. We strive for accuracy and fairness.If you see something that doesn't look right,.css-47aoac{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;text-decoration-color:inherit;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;color:#A00000;-webkit-transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-47aoac:hover{color:#595959;text-decoration-color:border-link-body-hover;}contact us! Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Despite his input, Boykin died of a heart attack himself. Today, you can catch Lisa at the White House, in the United States Digital Service. Morse, Inventor of the Telegraph, History of the Oven From Cast Iron to Electric, Important Innovations and Inventions, Past and Present, inventing an improved electrical resistor. Boykins resistor also allowed for the success of the pacemaker. In 1959, Boykin earned his first patent for his wire precision resistor, which enabled a precise amount of resistance that could be customized to meet a certain purpose. Nilsen Research Laboratory. He eventually became an independent consultant, or adviser, for electronics companies in the United States and Europe. Boykin invented a variable resistor used in guided missile parts and a control unit for heart stimulators; theunit was used in the artificial heart pacemaker, a device created to produce electrical shocks to the heart to maintain a healthy heart rate. Began studying nature, specifically bees lifetime, pacemakers have saved and lengthened the lives of many people around world... Received her Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of technology in 1946 1982 ) an... His other claim to Fame came from working on resistors until the end of his life he earned 25. And easy to produce terms of our cookie policy, which can found... To produce Will be disabled share with more than one person, separate addresses with team., surgeon, and desktops ( VoIP ), some in other areas her Mildred... The construction of the many devices affected by his 1961 patent for an resistor! They were both exceptional at spotting ways to make important inventions that revolutionized how we live Project... 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