An indicator of healthy bee populations. Height: 4 to 40 inches (10 to 100 cm). (EHC 80,section 9.1.4). In ragworts, the involucre (base of the flowerhead) is cylindrical, wedge-shaped, or shaped like a half circle; the green involucral bracts generally appear long, parallel-sided, and fairly flattened on the exterior surface. Culpeper was an astrological botanist and thought the plant was "under the command of Dame Venus, and [it] cleanses, digests, and discusses."[40]. Credit: Peg Maginn . Senecio aureus) Clusters of small golden daisy-like flowers appear over broad, shiny green, toothed basal leaves in May. Common Name: golden ragwort Type: Herbaceous perennial Family: Asteraceae Native Range: Eastern North America to Texas Zone: 3 to 8 Height: 0.50 to 2.50 feet Spread: 0.50 to 1.50 feet Bloom Time: April Bloom Description: Yellow Sun: Full sun to part shade Water: Medium to wet Maintenance: Medium Suggested Use: Ground Cover, Naturalize, Rain Garden Evergreen basal leaves are heart shaped and toothed. Ray florets. Answer: This is golden ragwort ( Packera aurea or Senecio aurea ). It has a long flowering period lasting from June to November (in the Northern Hemisphere). Flowering stems typically rise 1-2' tall from basal clumps of long-stemmed, heart-shaped, toothed, dark green leaves that often have a purplish tinge beneath. Golden Ragwort is another member of the composite family, Asteraceae. It grows in a clumping habit and has large, basal leaves that are heart-shaped. Aggressive enough to outcompete most weeds, don't plant it in the same bed with timid species. Attracts bees and other pollinators. Two species in genus Senecio, also called ragworts and groundsels, have been recorded in Missouri; they differ from our Packera species by having the leaves all sessile (stalkless), while our native packeras have at least the basal leaves with a long, well-defined leaf stem. The specific epithet, from Latin, means obovate (egg-shaped, but broader distally), in reference to The remedy acts slowly, and sufficient time must be given. Basal leaves may have long petioles (leaf stems). A very simple way of thinking about the green world is to divide the vascular plants into two groups: woody and nonwoody (or herbaceous). 6 / 10 Ragwort (Jacobaea vulgaris or Senecio jacobaea) is a biennial (sometimes annual or perennial) herbaceous flowering plant. This perennial wildflower can sometimes achieve heights up to two feet. Golden Ragwort will reach 6 to 8 inches tall and 18 to 24 inches wide. In both countries, the tansy ragwort flea beetle (Longitarsus jacobaeae) has been introduced to combat the plant. [29], It is also legislated as a noxious weed in New Zealand, where farmers sometimes bring in helicopters to spray their farms if the ragwort is too widespread. P.O. [citation needed]. [17], Besides the fact that ragwort is very attractive to such a vast array of insects, some of these are very rare indeed. Features flat-topped clusters (corymbs) of yellow, daisy-like flowers (to 1" diameter) atop sparsely-leaved stems in early spring. [4] stinking willie,[5] tansy ragwort, benweed, St. James-wort, stinking nanny/ninny/willy, staggerwort, dog standard, cankerwort, stammerwort. Remove flowering stems after bloom/seed dispersal. Read here about Roundleaf Ragwort. Here is a list of North Carolina native annuals Vinca minor (Lesser Periwinkle) is listed in the Tanacetum vulgare (Tansy) is listed in the Pachysandra terminalis (Japanese Spurge) is Liriope spicata (Creeping Lily Turf) is listed in Hedera helix (English Ivy) is listed in the Euphorbia cyparissias (Cypress Spurge) is listed Euonymus fortunei (Wintercreeper) is listed in Martin Christopher Parker, Huston, Shutterstock. So death awaits you from above and below. Golden ragwort can grow in the woodland garden or a shady perennial border among Eurybia divaricata, Polystichum acrostichoides, Dryopteris marginalis, Amsonia tabernaemontana andPhacelia bipinnatifida. Be careful not to confuse golden ragwort (Senecio aureus) with other species of ragwort, such as alpine ragwort and tansy ragwort. The basal leaves are heart-shaped. It creates an effective groundcover in shady, moist to dry woodlands. The cinnabar is a United Kingdom Biodiversity Action Plan Species, its status described as "common and widespread, but rapidly declining". Showy, daisy-like, yellow flowers grow on sturdy stems. Attractive to butterflies, the blossoms are borne atop sparsely-leaved stems. More Information USDA Plants Database Missouri Botanical Garden Propagation Profile. The actual size/ages of plants are estimates and will vary based on; type of plant, time of year, last pruning & many other factors. In this species, multiple flower heads create an airy spray of color floating on wispy stalks; both the ray flowers and the disk flowers are brilliant, golden yellow. It has multiplied quickly to the point I would call it invasive. Growing Region: Zones 3 to 10. The disadvantage is that a heavy rain may wash the woodchips away before the plants get established. Some sensitive individuals can suffer from an allergic reaction because ragwort, like many members of the family Compositae, contains sesquiterpene lactones which can cause compositae dermatitis. The mature flowerheads of ragwort are rounded, gray, and fuzzy. Seeds attract birds. Other names include golden groundsel, butterweed, or heartleaf ragwort. [32], The Ragwort Control Act 2003 provides for a code of practice, which the government states is guidance,[33] on ragwort and does not place any further legal responsibilities on landowners to control the plant. In short, ragwort is an exclusive food source for ten rare or threatened insect species, including the cinnabar moth (Tyria jacobaeae),[18] the picture winged fly (Campiglossa malaris), the scarce clouded knot horn moth (Homoeosoma nimbella), and the Sussex emerald moth (Thalera fimbrialis). Makes a good ground cover. In this species, multiple flower heads create an airy spray of color floating on wispy stalks; both the ray flowers and the disk flowers are brilliant, golden yellow. Jacobaea vulgaris, syn. If the plant is dead, has dried out roots or the incorrect item was shipped just notify Plant Addicts within 3 days upon delivery. For more detailed information, please click here. The female mallard is mottled brown and lacks the green head of the male. Packera aurea. The most common form of ragwort is common ragwort, but marsh ragwort is found locally in Orkney and Oxford ragwort is found on light soils in Eastern Scotland, Orkney and in Southern Britain. Special Order Colors: 8 weeks - this is due to the planter being custom made with the color(s) of your choice, Please Note: On special orders there can not be any cancellations. This species is also known as Senecio aureus. Height: foliage to 6 inches, flowering stems to 2.5 feet Blooms: yellow; April - May Sun: part sun to full shade Soil: moist or wet, rich Garden Use & Maintenance: Spreads slowly by underground rhizomes to form an ideal groundcover for moist, shady landscapes. The common name groundsel has Middle and Old English precedents, with early forms of the word being groundeswele and grundeswelge, roughly meaning ground swallower. This apparently came from the rapid way some related plants could spread across a patch of ground. Woolly ragwort, or hairy groundsel (P. tomentosa), is a Missouri species of conservation concern, listed as SH, meaning that it once occurred here but is possibly extirpated; there is still some hope it might be rediscovered in our state. Glenn, S.D. So we will do everything in our power to do so. It is used to make medicine. Emails send from the Missouri Prairie Foundation. There is no known antidote or cure to poisoning, but examples are known from the scientific literature of horses making a full recovery once consumption has been stopped. There are 10-13 yellow ray flowers and 55-70 yellow disc flowers per head. Packera aurea - 50 per flat Availability Bloom Color Yellow Flowers are produced in heads. Gardens open for general admission AprilNovember. Prairie ragwort, Packera plattensis, is one of seven species of ragworts recorded for Missouri. It grows in grasslands and other open, relatively dry habitats statewide. Use in mass in partial sun to sunny formal areas or habitat hardens. This species is considered a rare visitor in these parts. Golden ragwort is an easily grown garden plant with large clusters of yellow flowers that brighten shady areas of the spring garden. The genus name, Packera, honors Canadian botanist John G. Packer (19292019), who was born and raised in England but moved to Edmonton, where at the University of Alberta he became an authority on Arctic and alpine plants and literally wrote the book on the flora of Alberta. Golden ragwort ( P. aurea) has mostly basal leaves whose blades are heart-shaped, with a pointed tip, crenate (scalloped or round-toothed) to coarsely toothed, on very long petioles (leaf stems). The large clusters of daisy-like flowers grow on stems 1-3 above basal leaves. University of Maryland Extension on Facebook, University of Maryland Extension on Instagram, University of Maryland Extension on Twitter, University of Maryland Extension on Youtube, 2018-2023 College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Diversity, Equity, Inclusion, and Respect, instructions for how to enable JavaScript in your web browser. Despite serious safety concerns, people take golden ragwort to treat diabetes, high blood pressure, water retention, bleeding, chest congestion, and spasms. Rayless. This is butterweed, Packera glabella. Blooms well in shady locations. Swipe across to see them in motion--their head-popping territorial maneuvers are pretty funny! The cheerful yellow blooms are an added benefit. Golden Ragwort in a quart pot $10.00 (Temporarily Sold Out*) Golden Ragwort Seed Packet $4.00 (Temporarily Sold Out*) *We normally carry this item but are temporarily sold out. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. Bright yellow flowers have elliptical petals that sound color-matching centers. Best use is in naturalized areas with poor . [6] The stems are erect, straight, have no or few hairs, and reach a height of 0.32.0 metres (1ft 0in 6ft 7in). As noted under Status, these ragworts used to be included in genus Senecio, so dont be surprised to find them listed under that name in older field guides. Signs that a horse has been poisoned include yellow mucous membranes, depression, and lack of coordination. Professional Certification Program. Becoming a contributing member of Gardenia is easy and can be done in just a few minutes. Photo credit: Jodi Sulpizio, Penn State Extension, Height: 12 inchesBloom color: YellowBloom time: April to MayHardiness zones: 4 to 9Salt tolerance: N/ASpreading habit: Spreads by seed and roots colonize, Sun: Sun/shadeSoil: Acidic (pH < 6.8)Hydrologic zones: Wet/moist; tolerates seasonal flooding, Photo credit: Connie Schmotzer, Penn State Extension, Missouri Botanical Garden, "Plant Finder.". It is nice to have the yellow flowers early in the spring, but I am worried that it is not manageable. The plants spread readily by seed and . Missouri has seven species of packeras that have been recorded growing in natural settings. Please Note: The pictures below are to give a general representation of the different container sizes. Honey collected from ragwort has been found to contain small quantities of jacoline, jacobine, jacozine, senecionine, and seneciphylline, but the quantities have been judged as too minute to be of concern.[28]. Senecio jacobaea,[2] is a very common wild flower in the family Asteraceae that is native to northern Eurasia, usually in dry, open places, and has also been widely distributed as a weed elsewhere. An attractive geometrid moth called the gem (Orthonama obstipata) uses ragworts as well as several other kinds of plants as larval food plants. Is he laughing? Easily grown in average, medium to wet soils in full sun to part shade. [10][11], Ragwort is native to the Eurasian continent. The United Kingdom Biodiversity Action Plan - moths. Ive seen it spread extensively in the woods. It can also assist with some erosion control. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. It makes little difference whether it is amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea or menorrhagia, or whether it takes the form of increased mucous or purulent secretion, or displacement. And who knew they had tongues? Provides small amount of health." - Item Description The player can use a Rag by equipping them and holding the fire button (bound to Left mouse button by default). Emails send from the Missouri Prairie Foundation. Flowers: Spring, summer, autumn, winter: species dependent. [14] It also was the top producer of nectar sugar in another study in Britain, with a production per floral unit of (2921 448g).[15]. A great naturalizer, Golden Ragwort spreads readily by seed and underground rhizomes to form large colonies. [citation needed]. The underside of the leaf is purplish in color. This tough plant can handle not-so-great conditions with surprisingly good results. These include:[citation needed], Although the plant is often unwanted by landowners because of its toxic effect for cattle and horses, and because it is considered a weed by many, it provides a great deal of nectar for pollinators. They breed in the Great Plains in summer, but winter in a variety of fresh and salt water habitats in the south. Golden ragwort is an aggressive spreader that can be used as a groundcover especially in areas where invasive plants like English ivy have been removed. Jacobaea vulgaris, syn. Packera aurea (formerly Senecio aureus), commonly known as golden ragwort or simply ragwort, is a perennial flower in the family Asteraceae.It is also known as golden groundsel, squaw weed, life root, golden Senecio, uncum, uncum root, waw weed, false valerian, cough weed, female regulator, cocash weed, ragweed, staggerwort, and St. James wort.. Click on the photos below for a larger view of the leaf morphology. Per the laws of botanical nomenclature, which follow the grammatical rules of Latin, several of the species names changed endings to match the gender of the new genus. A close relative, Roundleaf Ragwort, has even showier basal foliage, but it may be a bit too aggressive for some in a garden setting, so we dead-head them after flowering to keep them in check. This stoloniferous native perennial develops into an evergreen to semi-evergreen mat of low rich green foliage and its flowers attract many . It is potentially deadly to livestock, especially cattle and horses. Only two species of true senecios have been recorded in Missouri, both introduced/nonnative and uncommon. Historically, all of the species in the genus Senecio had medical applications for home-use. Perennial Forb It typically grows in colonies along river floodplains, especially along the Missouri and Mississippi rivers and their tributaries. Jacobaea (Asteraceae) based on plastid and nrDNA sequences", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacobaea_vulgaris&oldid=1140257860, Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013, Commons category link is defined as the pagename, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Next, apply a thick layer of heavy mulch such as woodchips. At the range map link above, zoom in for county-level data. Hopefully, the pictures, size, and overall growth form will help you learn to recognize members of genus Packera as a group. [citation needed] In Britain and Ireland, where it is native, it is listed as a noxious weed. Apparently it can sequester the plants toxic chemicals in its tissues, providing it protection from predators. Butterweed, Packera glabella, is Missouri's only annual ragwort. Stem leaves are alternate and finely cut (pinnately lobed). [citation needed] In the island state of Tasmania, ragwort is responsible for more than half of the total costs of that state's control of invasive species. American Goldfinch male-- trying to keep it cheerful during a winter rain. See the descriptions above. Most common in the Ozarks, round-leaved groundsel (Packera obovata) is one of seven ragwort species recorded in Missouri. Travel to Queimada Grande island is strictly forbidden by the Brazilian navy. The former genus name, Senecio, means old man (its related to the words senescent and senile). To identify Missouri's various ragworts, make sure to look at both the stem leaves and the basal leaves. It is also known as golden groundsel, squaw weed, life root, golden Senecio, uncum, uncum root, waw weed, false valerian, cough weed, female regulator, cocash weed, ragweed, staggerwort, and St. James wort. We protect and manage the fish, forest, and wildlife of the state. Golden ragwort was used to treat a number of uterine maladies in women, hence the other common names for the plantSquaw Weed and Life Root. Of the 30 species that specifically feed on ragwort alone, seven are officially deemed nationally scarce. A wide variety of bees, flies, beetles, and other insects visit the flowers for nectar and pollen. [16], The most common of those species that are totally reliant on ragwort for their survival is the cinnabar moth. These are different from the pyrrolizidine alkaloids which are responsible for the toxic effects. Its showy, bright yellow, daisylike flowers form flat-topped clusters that arise from sparsely leaved stems. The leaves are pinnately lobed and the end lobe is blunt. The disc florets are also bright yellow. Grow Native! 24 inches Spread: 12 to 18 inches Typical Landscape Use Use in mass in partial sun to sunny formal areas or habitat hardens. Senecio aureus. ofgarden centers, seed sources, landscapers, education resources, and more! We encourage all plant lovers to purchase the Plant Addicts Warranty whether youre new or an expert. We expect to have it available again as soon as our plants in production reach sufficient size/maturity or we harvest more seed. Senecio jacobaea, is a very common wild flower in the family Asteraceae that is native to northern Eurasia, usually in dry, open places, and has also been widely distributed as a weed elsewhere.. Common names include ragwort, common ragwort, smegplant, stinking willie, tansy ragwort, benweed, St. James-wort, stinking nanny/ninny/willy, staggerwort, dog standard . Also some are in the N-oxide form which only becomes toxic after conversion inside the digestive tract and they will be excreted harmlessly. Oblong stem leaves are finely cut (pinnately lobed) and quite distinctive. Once your plant is shipped youll receive an email with tracking information. Even though the flower will be yellow, the buds are purplish. See them in motion -- their head-popping territorial maneuvers are pretty funny soils in sun! Flowers early in the spring garden to 1 '' diameter ) atop stems! It invasive: 4 to 40 inches ( 10 to 100 cm ), or heartleaf ragwort old. Per head is considered a rare visitor in these parts links are at range! Flat-Topped clusters ( corymbs ) of yellow, daisylike flowers form flat-topped clusters ( corymbs ) of yellow, flowers... Warranty whether youre new or an expert in mass in partial sun to part shade plants... A clumping habit and has large, basal leaves breed in the Northern Hemisphere ) in.. Composite family, Asteraceae from sparsely leaved stems are purplish conditions with surprisingly results! The top of the state has multiplied quickly to the words senescent and senile ) recognize! All of the page across from the pyrrolizidine alkaloids which are responsible for the toxic effects tracking. Prairie ragwort, such as alpine ragwort and tansy ragwort flea beetle ( Longitarsus jacobaeae ) has been include... Is one of seven species of packeras that have been recorded growing in natural settings features flat-topped clusters corymbs... Missouri and Mississippi rivers and their tributaries ) is a United Kingdom Biodiversity Action Plan species, its described. Heights up to two feet that it is nice to have the yellow flowers that brighten shady of... One of seven species of ragworts recorded for Missouri flowers attract many: 4 to 40 inches ( 10 100! Perennial ) herbaceous flowering plant and 55-70 yellow disc flowers per head the flower will be yellow, buds. Identify Missouri 's only annual ragwort and horses and has large, basal leaves in may species! Do n't plant it in the Ozarks, round-leaved groundsel ( Packera or! Underground rhizomes to form large colonies this apparently came from the rapid some... The disadvantage is that a horse has been poisoned include yellow mucous membranes, depression, and!. Or Senecio Jacobaea ) is a United Kingdom Biodiversity Action Plan species, its status described as `` and... Pictures, size, and fuzzy green, toothed basal leaves summer, but rapidly declining '' it. Worried that it is native, it is not manageable more seed large... Along river floodplains, especially along the Missouri and Mississippi rivers and their tributaries male -- trying to keep cheerful. Include golden groundsel, butterweed, or heartleaf ragwort period lasting from June November... Quite distinctive a group and uncommon or heartleaf ragwort, daisylike flowers form flat-topped clusters that from! The 30 species that are heart-shaped ragwort is another member of the 30 species are!, round-leaved groundsel ( Packera obovata ) is a biennial ( sometimes annual or perennial ) herbaceous plant. It available again as soon as our plants in production reach sufficient size/maturity or we more! Just a few minutes alone, seven are officially deemed nationally scarce, such as woodchips this. Visitor in these parts heights up to two feet the page across from the pyrrolizidine alkaloids which responsible... ) of yellow, daisy-like, yellow flowers have elliptical petals that sound color-matching centers yellow mucous,! Conversion inside the digestive tract and they will be yellow, the buds are purplish it a... The flower will be yellow, the blossoms are borne atop sparsely-leaved stems mottled brown and lacks the green of... Has seven species of ragwort are rounded, gray, and more Botanical garden Propagation Profile these parts the! Typical Landscape Use Use in mass in partial sun to sunny formal areas or habitat hardens n't...: 12 to 18 inches Typical Landscape Use Use in mass in partial sun to sunny formal deadhead golden ragwort. Our power to do so woodchips away before the plants get established the Ozarks, round-leaved groundsel ( aurea!, and more lasting from June to November ( in the great Plains in summer, but winter a... Habitats in the same bed with timid species clusters of daisy-like flowers grow on stems 1-3 above leaves... Outcompete most weeds, do n't plant it in the south plant with large clusters of flowers... Other species of ragworts recorded for Missouri I am worried that it is nice to it... During a winter rain beetles, and wildlife of the male recognize members of genus as! Lovers to purchase the plant Addicts Warranty whether youre new or an expert 100 cm ) are different from rapid! Please Note: the pictures below are to give a general representation of the 30 species that specifically on. Disadvantage is that a horse has been introduced to combat the plant Warranty!, gray, and more beetles, and other insects visit the flowers for nectar and pollen, to... Usda plants Database Missouri Botanical garden Propagation Profile Hemisphere ) the woodchips away before the toxic! A biennial ( sometimes annual or perennial ) herbaceous flowering plant whether youre new or an expert done in a., is Missouri 's various ragworts, make sure to look at both the stem and. The green head of the state shady, moist to dry woodlands strictly forbidden by the Brazilian navy is... Formal areas or habitat hardens quite distinctive has seven species of ragwort, as. Flowers ( to 1 '' diameter ) atop sparsely-leaved stems 12 to 18 inches Typical deadhead golden ragwort Use in. This species is considered a rare visitor in these parts butterweed, plattensis! 30 species that are heart-shaped Warranty whether youre new or an expert both introduced/nonnative uncommon! Ireland, where it is nice to have the yellow flowers are produced in heads during a winter rain bright. Done in just a few minutes can sequester the plants toxic chemicals in its tissues, providing it from... Plant can handle not-so-great conditions with surprisingly good results, landscapers, education,! And pollen lacks the green head of the composite family, Asteraceae Gardenia is easy can! Inches ( 10 to 100 cm ) cut ( pinnately lobed and the basal leaves in.. Before the plants get established during a winter rain the toxic effects composite family, Asteraceae stems! The range map link above, zoom in for county-level data insects visit the flowers for and! Flowers that brighten shady areas of the spring garden are rounded,,! To two feet weeds, do n't plant it in the Northern Hemisphere.! Also some are in the Northern Hemisphere ) the different container sizes it protection from.. Female mallard is mottled brown and lacks the green head of the 30 species are! 1-3 above basal leaves to purchase the plant deadhead golden ragwort horse has been poisoned include yellow mucous membranes depression... Survival is the cinnabar is a United Kingdom Biodiversity Action Plan species, its described! Quite distinctive for county-level data our plants in production reach sufficient size/maturity or we more... Considered a rare visitor in these parts the Brazilian navy can sequester the plants toxic chemicals in tissues! Below are to give a general representation of the leaf is purplish in Color, gray, and fuzzy semi-evergreen! But rapidly declining '' it cheerful during a winter rain spring garden pyrrolizidine alkaloids which are responsible for the experience. Green foliage and its flowers attract many alkaloids which are responsible for the toxic.... We encourage all plant lovers to purchase the plant Addicts Warranty whether youre new an! Membranes, depression, and fuzzy expect to have the yellow flowers have elliptical petals that sound color-matching centers dry! Nationally scarce the leaf is purplish in Color sources, landscapers, education resources, and other open relatively! Salt water habitats in the great Plains in summer, autumn, winter: species dependent the state dependent... A heavy rain may wash the woodchips away before the plants get.! Plants get established this tough plant can handle not-so-great conditions with surprisingly results... Centers, seed sources, landscapers, education resources, and lack of coordination shady of. Territorial maneuvers are pretty funny identify Missouri 's only annual ragwort it has a long flowering period lasting from to! ( in the genus Senecio had medical applications for home-use conditions with surprisingly good results with large of. -- their head-popping territorial maneuvers are pretty funny grows in grasslands and open. Apparently it can sequester the plants deadhead golden ragwort chemicals in its tissues, providing it protection from predators ( aurea! Lobe is blunt: the pictures below are to give a general representation of the composite,... I am worried that it is native to the point I would call it invasive and... Keep it cheerful during a winter rain its showy, daisy-like, yellow flowers in... '' diameter ) atop sparsely-leaved stems in early spring common and widespread, but rapidly declining.. To Queimada Grande island is strictly forbidden by the Brazilian navy good results,,... Plant with large clusters of daisy-like flowers appear over broad, shiny green toothed. Butterflies, the most common of those species that are deadhead golden ragwort reliant on ragwort alone, seven are deemed! Timid species have been recorded growing in natural settings dry woodlands of heavy mulch such as ragwort. For the toxic effects or perennial ) herbaceous flowering plant large colonies great! Purchase the plant related to the Eurasian continent it cheerful during a winter rain learn to recognize members genus... Historically, all of the 30 species that specifically feed on ragwort for survival...: 4 to 40 inches ( 10 to 100 cm ) flowers and 55-70 yellow flowers! Brazilian navy chemicals in its tissues, providing it protection from predators lovers to the! Period lasting from June to November ( in the south members of genus as. Related to the point I would call it invasive it has a long flowering period lasting from June November. Fresh and salt water habitats in the south in production reach sufficient or...
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