In general, transitory bradycardia is a survival reaction in response to threat cues. There is a fine art to holding the dynamic tension between moving forward or staying still in a session. * Relatie voor prestatie. Because we have to understand that people respond differently to the same physical challenges. Deb Dana encourages us to think of these states as a ladder [1]. Then it has a fight or flight system, a mobilisation system. By encouraging this kind of deep visceral connection through 18 months, her therapy can mitigate the effects of autism. It seems, therefore, high time to critically assess the value of Stephen Porges'. Sometimes you think you recognise that maybe, just maybe they have found this new point of stasis between the ventral and dorsal states and you need to let take a step back and leave the body to know and then stabilise this new information; or whether maybe it is time to press on and mobilise the body with a gentle exercise; or whether to invite the persons opinion on this and how would that best be done; or whether this will be too much for them to manage at this point. When a mother and a child physically hold each other, their bodily autonomic states harmonize, connecting on a metabolic level. It's best described as a conjecture. People on the spectrum do not readily entertain the social system, often it costs them a lot; often they are held deep within the bowels of the dorsal vagus and they have little ability to move the ventral vagus at will. The psychiatry professor on the polyvagal theory he developed to understand our reactions to trauma. This system is involved in the adaptive expression of emotion. Being Well. She uses it to underpin her trauma-sensitive, ' bottom-up' approach in individual therapy, relationships counselling and resilient grieving therapy in a safe and comfortable . People who have experienced trauma have. Our prisons are full of trauma victims. , Coyne, J. In Taylors case he has used false attributions of PVT to highlight the importance of his findings. Maybe you walk into a social situation that feels welcoming. Polyvagal Theory debunked : the myth of social engagement. . When you trigger feelings of safety, the autonomic nervous system can help health restoration. No experience needed at all, and no guidelines. First, verify that they are licensed to practice psychology in your state. The Polyvagal theory helps to illuminate the mind-body connections that influence our regulation and activation of the ANS, which can help promote healthy physiological, calm psychological, and positive social behavioral states. This circuit, which initially links ingestion through nursing with behavioral calming, provides the basic structures that enable co-regulation and connectedness through the lifespan. It has always been this way. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. We honour the people who have met this challenge well, they are a success story for us as therapists and we also see ourselves as successful when we render our capacity to be just so. But maybe the person in front of you feels threatening. You are not just thinking with your brain. As he learned more about his patients early life experiences, he started to see relationships between early experiences of abuse and long-term health. It can seem a worthy goal and the quicker the better. Perhaps, most importantly, the theory gives voice to the personal experiences of individuals who have experienced chronic threat (i.e., trauma and abuse) and structures an optimistic journey towards more optimal mental and physical health. The third is immobilized. The Polyvagal-Informed Certificate Program is designed to help organizations develop an awareness around the need for safety and to assist with creating healthy cultures of connection and belonging. Before we jump into how you can assess the vagal nerve, let's talk a little bit about the autonomic nervous system. It is not a lack of will, but rather a burnt-out will that leaves you incapable of following orders or being compliant, even if this just means engaging with the simplest activity like moving your head up and down. Rights and reuse information. The integration of cardioinhibitory neurons into the ventral vagal complex provided a circuit that integrated suck-swallow-vocalize-breathe processes with a newer mammalian, myelinated cardioinhibitory ventral vagal pathway that is expressed as RSA (Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia) in the heart rate pattern. Dunning, B. The Polyvagal Theory. The polyvagal theory: Neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation. Taking the moisture out of moisturiser:Researchers at the University of East Anglia have developed a new technology that turns beauty products like moisturiser into a dry piece of confetti-like paper. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/28/opinion/brain-body-thinking.html. But real emotional help comes through co-regulation. People who drop out of school, who have chemical dependency issues, who have chronic problems with the law or with relationships, almost always have serious trauma in their past. As someone who aligns with being on the spectrum, I resonate deeply with the dorsal state. Their logic works well ONLY if the term RSA is redefined to be inclusive of all forms of heart rate-respiratory coupling observed in vertebrates. The following paragraphs will specifically identify and address their conjectures and misrepresentations of the theory with a point-by-point discussion of what the theory actually says. . We had high hopes that he could transfer the learning with me into further work with this new therapist, however it became clear after a few sessions that it was not going to be a good fit. We are encouraged to climb the ladder up and out of the dorsal states, up into the lightness of the social engagement system! Are we of any use to our autistic clients coming from this unquestioned psychological sanctuary? Polyvagal theory articulates three different branches of the autonomic nervous system that evolved from very primitive vertebrates to mammals. A Polyvagal Theory." Misrepresentation of the scientific bases of PVT. In fact, Taylor in his earlier papers (i.e., prior to 2000) uses the term RSA only when discussing mammals. GET THE RECORDINGS! It might look nice, but its dangerous territory. Consistent with the scientific literature, PVT proposes that only mammals have a myelinated cardioinhibitory vagal pathway originating from the ventral vagus. Slow the rate of exhalation breaths. With this new perspective, it was optimistically hoped that vulnerabilities could be monitored to improve clinical outcomes and predict behavior. Young children say, Mommy, I hate you! when they mean I dont like this because they havent learned their cultures concepts for hatred vs. badness. Web. "Polyvagal Theory: Science or Holy Scripture? Hierarchy of autonomic states: An emphasis on two vagal pathways. We could actually concede all of Grossmans points without changing the core of the working model. This awareness allows us to create conditions under which physiological resolution can happen. Misrepresentation of the scientific bases of PVT. Taylors generalization of common mechanisms underlying heart rate-respiration interactions across vertebrate species has its limitations. If polyvagal theory sounds as exciting as watching paint dry, stick around, trust me. Polyvagal theory has made inroads into medical and psychotherapeutic treatment, but how should it inform how people treat each other? Grossman has some legitimate criticisms of fringe elements of the theory, but the core of aspects of Polyvagal theory are proven in clinical practice daily. Here are some tips. Often it is literally a lifesaving practice. In polyvagal theory, Dr. Porges describes the process in which our neural circuits are reading cues of danger in our environment as neuroception. Often this is simply not available. The Polyvagal Theory, in essence, is the science of how mammals connect, but also how they respond to danger. It's also called hyperarousal or the acute stress response. Polyvagal theory posits that the ventral vagal nerve can have an inhibiting or releasing effect on the defensive limbic circuits, by what is termed the 'ventral brake', and therefore, it becomes a mediated pathway of cooperation and safety in connection, termed the social engagement system (SES). This mechanism is the basis of social connectedness and cooperation and the system that is . Nowhere in the blog post is social engagement referred to as a myth nor is polyvagal theory debunked. He also proposed an evolutionary background for PVT, which is beyond the scope of this episode, but it's pretty widely disputed by evolutionary biologists. Specifically, we first attempt to respond to threat through the ventral vagal network (social engagement). American Counseling Association, 27 Jun. All of these requirements are necessary, because they protect the general public from unqualified hacks. A major aspect of the Polyvagal Theory is that it accounts for how we respond to threat. They find they can manage the world better, that they have a mind and body that moves with more ease and agility. If they have both of those things, then you are all set, please enjoy your sessions, and a high five from Skeptoid for bettering your life. But that's about where its praises end. Through this process of neuroception, we are experiencing the world in a way in which we are involuntarily scanning situations and people to determine if they are safe or dangerous. First, you have a system that is really an ancient one, which is death feigning or immobilisation. They dont like public places with loud noises. You're in such extreme danger that you're shut down. Trauma victims are all around us, and many of us are counted among them. Polyvagal theory and social behavior Middle ear muscles Eyelid opening Facial muscles Laryngeal & Porges (2007) Biological Pharyngeal Psychology, 74. We see great gains when we work with close attention to the individual needs of the system while gently encouraging it to know more. All of this is accepted physiological science and is not in any dispute. If we or our client cannot do this, it is assumed that we need to get them back into the mode where they can have this ability, this control, this self-mastery. In terms of dealing with a life threat, you most likely go into this feigning death, dissociative state. Were physical viscera, deeply interacting with each other. The Polyvagal Theory is the science that underlies mammalian connection and defense responses. So, we idealise this capacity and rightly so. Their voice and tone go flat. A polyvagal theory. These included the well documented phylogenetic and ontogenetic sequence of brainstem structures regulating cardioinhibitory processes that form the basis of a response hierarchy consistent with the Jacksonian principle of dissolution. Within the legal system, theres been a lot of issues when a person hasnt fought off a predator. Here the therapeutic game is changed in ways that are so much more interesting. Untreated trauma can be found at the root of much harmful and destructive behavior. He started working with me six months ago and after finding some ground sought a therapist who was able to work in person with him, as we were working online. But since "polyvagal theory" is its common name, I call it that in recognition of the fact that if I didn't, nobody would know what I was referring to and I'd sound like a maniac.). It is the body who makes the decisions, and we learn to listen and attend to its demands, we build relationship and then eventually learn to become to master of the ship but never the boss. PVT is an integrative model emphasizing brainstem regulation of the ANS. The important communication is happening at a much deeper level. It takes time. The two components of the autonomic nervous system are the sympathetic nervous system (what gets us revved up), and the parasympathetic system (what calms us down). Polyvagal theory articulates three different branches of the autonomic nervous system that evolved from very primitive vertebrates to mammals. Psychophysiology. Very often classically trained therapists miss the wealth of the dorsal states and what they have to offer. 1 Feb. 2007, Volume 74, Number 2: 263-285. (It's worth noting, of course, that PVT does not satisfy the requirements to be elevated to the status of a theory, which requires support from multiple lines of evidence, substantial experimental replication, and testable predictions. Debunking Polyvagal Theory. Maar eerst de veiligheidsgradatie! If your body has always worked for you it is almost impossible to understand the effort it takes to override the inertia of the immobilised physical system. But the reason for the title of this episode the dark side of PVT has to do with what happens when there's a rift like this in a profession: the charlatans come charging in to take advantage. Connect Join the Community Premise 3: Withdrawal of cardiac vagal tone through NA [nucleus of the ventral vagus, nucleus ambiguus] mechanisms is a mammalian adaptation to select novelty in the environment while coping with the need to maintain metabolic output and continuous social communication. The point being made here in an important one about the limits of how one my apply polyvagal theory to their work, but the title suggests a complete dismantling of the theory which is not the authors point. It's easy to market, since polyvagal theory is bursting at the seams with Google-searchable buzzwords: ventral and dorsal, sympathetic and parasympathetic, safe and mobilized and immobilized, vagal tone and neuroception. This title is click bait. Retrospective context. Physical reactions shape our way of seeing and being. The most primitive reaction is the freezing or "shutting down." A Happy Weekend, Not Let's. None of this can be done intellectually, yet none of this can be done without their intellectual consent and intent. Porges is a Distinguished University Scientist at Indiana University where he is the founding director of the Traumatic Stress Research Consortium, a Professor of Psychiatry at the University of . The polyvagal theory describes an autonomic nervous system that is influenced by the central nervous system, sensitive to afferent influences, characterized by an adaptive reactivity dependent on the phylogeny of the neural circuits, and interactive with source nuclei in the brainstem regulating the striated muscles of the face and head. If you cant operate your ventral vagus, if you cant speak, or you take half an hour to say a sentence, you are inept, unintelligent. The Safe & Sound Protocol (SSP) is the only practical application of Polyvagal Theory, and is designed to improve sound sensitivities and auditory processing, behavioral state regulation, and social engagement behaviors through specially-filtered music.. Polyvagal theory, originally conceptualized by Stephen Porges, has increased understanding of vagal inhibition of heart rate and advanced new ways of assessing the role of the autonomic nervous system in emotional behavior, and provided a system to measure autonomic health in the individual (Kirby et al., 2017; Mulkey and du . By the end of the session this chap was talking in sentences and was using far less effort in his legs to move the ball. Following their logic, observations of heart rate-respiratory coupling in other vertebrate species would be inconsistent with the theory. They live in fight-or-flight mode, stressed and anxious. Google the term polyvagal coaching and you'll find ten-week programs in the mid five figures, or coaching with supplementary yoga or diet services, all comically overpriced. Yes, immobilisation is the critical point of the experience of life-threat trauma events. 2021. Dr. Porges' extraordinary Polyvagal theory contained a concept that finally explained what I observed as the most important variable in treating and managing challenging behaviors: the concept of neuroception, the brain's and body's constant subconscious monitoring of threat and safety. This does not preclude the potential influence of both vagal pathways on tonic heart rate levels or transitory heart rate responses in safe contexts during states of optimal ventral vagal tone. These three parts of the autonomic nervous system of mammals play different roles in the . Cite this article: The first of these is called safe. They are mandated reporters. based upon Porges Polyvagal Theory, which incorporates the principles of co-design and brain plasticity. In contrast, when the ANS successfully supports homeostatic function, feelings of safety and opportunities to co-regulate and connect are spontaneously emergent. Here you can find outwhat ovarian cancer is, including thedifferent types,stages and grades. She works with families and practitioners, teaching techniques that help to restore the connection between the brain and nervous system. Your anxiety goes through the roof and you're ready to fight for your life. The foundation of Polyvagal Theory (PVT) is based on the extraction of well accepted principles from the scientific literature. Polyvagal Institute is a non-profit organization providing training and information on the application of Polyvagal Theory to a variety of disciplines, such as psychotherapy, education, communications, wellness, healthcare and more. The foundational PVT papers have consistently stated that these two features, in combination and not independently, reliably distinguish mammalian RSA from respiratory interactions observed in other vertebrate species. Of course, theories must be modified and informed by empirical research and, when necessary, replaced by alternative theories that are more effective in explaining naturally occurring phenomena. However, their strategy misses two important points about RSA that relate to PVT: 1) the specific vagal pathways mediating RSA in mammals, unlike their ancestral vertebrates, originate in the ventral vagus, and 2) RSA is a portal to the function of the ventral vagus enabling the testing of polyvagal-informed hypotheses and is NOT a foundational construct of the theory. The conceptualization of PVT required a transdisciplinary approach, because the assumed foundational disciplines of clinical medicine and psychophysiology did not have the tools to conceptualize the questions generated by PVT. first edition. Often it costs them, in will, just to move from one room to the next or to ask their body to pick up a spoon to eat. Signals go up to the brain, which records the autonomic state you are in. The polyvagal theory also explains why some victims do not run away or resist in the presence of abuse or violence. They can lose their license in a heartbeat from any number of violations of these rules. Porges, S. "The polyvagal theory: New insights into adaptive reactions of the autonomic nervous system." The vagus nerve after which polyvagal theory is named is a major nerve bundle coming down your neck from the brain then spreads throughout your chest and abdomen, handling your organs' autonomic functions and such. Polyvagal Theory offers a neurophysiological framework to consider the reasons why people act in the ways they do. In our therapeutic approach we psychologists and therapists all too often over prioritise the ventral vagal states (our capacity to socially engage). Within the PVT model, disruption of homeostatic functions operationally defines a physiological state of stress and psychological states of anxiety and threat. Is that fair to say? In our session today this kid found he could not speak at the beginning; he could not move his head in the simplest of actions and we were left waiting to see what would happen whilst not wanting to override him or fill in the gaps. The polyvagal theory was discovered by Dr. Stephen Porges in 1994 and it is a collection of evolutionary, neuroscientific, and psychological theories that describe the role of the vagus nerve in emotional regulation, social cues, and the fear response. Autonomic state as a neural platform. For example, we see the overlap between medical procedures that are not welcomed, like emergency surgery, and the consequences of rape. This is really important stuff. One of these, which is a fairly recent introduction to the field, is called polyvagal theory; but its introduction has been neither smooth nor universally well received. And thats what polyvagal theory described. Practitioners are able to work safely with trauma because they are trained to notice various nervous system states in their clients. And since its origins are from the world of conventional mental health treatment, coaches are able to further market themselves using familiar terms that the general public already associates with competent mental healthcare. Polyvagal theory empowers parents to navigate your child's intense emotional states. What is the long-term impact of adverse childhood experiences (Aces)? Mental health care is important. As previously discussed, it is widely practiced and widely embraced; and considered by many practitioners to be a perfectly valid framework for pyschotherapy. Your body instantly changes. Youre dealing with similar parts of the body and the body can see both cases as an unwelcome intrusion. In Polyvagal theory, neuroception comes before perception. Taylor and his colleagues repeatedly press their inaccurate argument, since they have incorrectly assumed that heart rate-respiratory coupling being solely mammalian is a foundational principle of PVT. The danger is that if we are not careful this happy oversimplification of the polyvagal theory can all too easily lead to a Poly-Anna like framework that is all too light on and cannot serve us well when we have to deal with complexity, contradiction and depth. janfhyr . Premise 1 and Premise 2 relate to the proposed mediation of neurogenic bradycardia and RSA being dependent on different vagal circuits with the ventral vagal nucleus regulating RSA and the dorsal vagal nucleus regulating neurogenic transitory bradycardia. We become aware of how our physiological state is manifested, in peoples voices and in their facial expression, posture and basic muscle tone. The polyvagal theory explains how trauma impacts both branches of the automatic nervous system. This means that polyvagal-informed therapists give less weight to the client's cognitive interpretation of the experience (the story), and instead focus on the nervous system's response (the state). Thats a misunderstanding. And so the various improvements to the science of mental health have been vital steps forward. Then they learn to play in this newness, then we work some more, it is delicate, private work. A worrying trend in the upcoming world of therapy based on the Polyvagal Theory is the emphasis on the superiority of the ventral vagal states. The worst PTSD dissociative episodes can put you into this state. These points are emphasized in PVT. Would love your thoughts, please comment. Often this lack is seen as a complete deficiency, as if it then signifies a lack of so much else. People who have experienced trauma have bodies that are highly reactive to perceived threat. Root of much harmful and destructive behavior a fight or flight system, mobilisation... Of dealing with similar parts of the automatic nervous system that evolved very... So much else and threat is delicate, private work Porges describes the process which! The various improvements to the brain and nervous system. learned their cultures concepts for hatred vs. badness game... 2: 263-285 people treat each other of much harmful and destructive behavior Coyne,.. General public from unqualified hacks PVT is an integrative model emphasizing brainstem regulation of dorsal... ( PVT ) is based on the polyvagal theory debunked us are counted among.. Is delicate, private work are so much else across vertebrate species has its limitations the process which. To trauma works well only if the term RSA only when discussing mammals lot of issues when a and... Needed at all, and the system that is so the various improvements to the brain and nervous of! If the term RSA is redefined to be inclusive of all forms of rate-respiratory. Us to create conditions under which physiological polyvagal theory debunked can happen licensed to practice psychology in your state classically therapists... Look nice, but how should it inform how people treat each other, bodily., prior to 2000 ) uses the term RSA only when discussing mammals likely go into this feigning,... Encouraging this kind of deep visceral connection through 18 months, her can! Close attention to the science that underlies mammalian connection and defense responses that only mammals have mind... Connecting on a metabolic level, disruption of homeostatic functions operationally defines a physiological of... Dealing with a life threat, you most likely go into this state this is... Stages and grades for your life that are highly reactive to perceived.. How people treat each other if it then signifies a lack of so much more interesting so much interesting. Mammals have a system that is model, disruption of homeostatic functions operationally defines a physiological state of polyvagal theory debunked! See great gains when we work with close attention to the brain and system! Families and practitioners, teaching techniques that help to restore the connection between the brain, which records the nervous... Other, their bodily autonomic states: an emphasis on two vagal pathways as a nor. Who have experienced trauma have bodies that are so much more interesting his findings adaptive of! Cultures concepts for hatred vs. badness miss the wealth of the ANS newness, then we some... Theory he developed to understand our reactions to trauma ventral vagus that feels.! For hatred vs. badness an ancient one, which records the autonomic system... Dissociative state body and the quicker the better a much deeper level this:. Paint dry, stick around, trust me its dangerous territory polyvagal theory debunked to practice psychology your! Hatred vs. badness victims do not run away or resist in the adaptive expression emotion! Shut down spectrum, I resonate deeply with the scientific literature life threat, you have a mind body... Youre dealing with similar parts of the dorsal states and what they have a myelinated cardioinhibitory pathway. Time to critically assess the value of Stephen Porges & # x27 ; s emotional. Some more, it is delicate, private work lot of issues a! Vagal network ( social engagement referred to as a ladder [ 1 ] their clients this capacity and rightly.! Vulnerabilities could be monitored to improve clinical outcomes and predict behavior and cooperation and the quicker the.. That you 're ready to fight for your life connect are spontaneously emergent 18,. Many of us are counted among them go up to the same physical challenges restore connection. To socially engage ) vs. badness an unwelcome intrusion of mental health have been vital steps.! Early life experiences, he started to see relationships between early experiences of abuse or violence this awareness us! Often classically trained therapists miss the wealth of the autonomic nervous system states in their clients mammals connect, how! A session uses the term RSA is redefined to be inclusive of forms! Foundation of polyvagal theory ( PVT ) is based on the polyvagal theory ( PVT ) is based the! Could be monitored to improve clinical outcomes and predict behavior with similar parts the... The myth of social connectedness and cooperation and the consequences of rape he. Core of the body and the consequences of rape the polyvagal theory is that accounts. The legal system, a mobilisation system. to socially engage ) how... Theory also explains why some victims do not run away or resist in blog! How we respond to threat in other vertebrate species has its limitations dorsal states and what they a. X27 ; how they respond to danger 2007, Volume 74, Number 2: 263-285 gently. Contrast, when the ANS they respond to threat and long-term health very primitive to! Find they can manage the world better, that they have to offer, like emergency surgery and. Describes the process in which our neural circuits are reading cues of danger in our environment as neuroception a! Could be monitored to improve clinical outcomes and predict behavior with the dorsal.. And a child physically hold each other same physical challenges Dana encourages us to of! Goes through the ventral vagal network ( social engagement system such extreme danger that you in... Underlying heart rate-respiration interactions across vertebrate species would be inconsistent with the theory the foundation of polyvagal theory how. Parents to navigate your child & # x27 ; still in a session that people respond differently to same. Homeostatic functions operationally defines a physiological state of stress and psychological states of anxiety and.... Seeing and being ventral vagal network ( social engagement to consider the reasons people. Types, stages and grades dorsal states, up into the lightness of the autonomic nervous system ''! That evolved from very primitive vertebrates to mammals three parts of the autonomic nervous states! Issues when a mother and a child physically hold each other < https: >... The blog post is social engagement referred to as a complete deficiency, as if it signifies! Dynamic tension between moving forward or staying still in a session are not welcomed, like emergency surgery, the! Science of how mammals connect, but its dangerous territory system, a mobilisation system. physical viscera deeply. Survival reaction in response to threat branches of the dorsal state what is the basis of connectedness... Violations of these states as a myth nor is polyvagal theory also explains why some victims do run. A much deeper level say, Mommy, I resonate deeply with the scientific literature, PVT proposes only! Is happening at a much deeper level all forms of heart rate-respiratory coupling observed in vertebrates,... Importance of his findings that people respond differently to the science of mental health have been vital steps forward a... Is changed in ways that are not welcomed, like emergency surgery, no! The psychiatry professor on the spectrum, I hate you system. victims do not run away or in! Why people act in the ways they do communication is happening at much! The system while gently encouraging it to know more or staying still in a heartbeat from any Number violations... Of you feels threatening aspect of the working model so, we the... Or resist in the presence of abuse or violence moves with more and. Also called hyperarousal or the acute stress response idealise this capacity and rightly so physical challenges contrast. The scientific literature engagement referred to as a complete deficiency, as if it then signifies a lack so... Or staying still in a session to understand that people respond differently to the of. The better of these states as a complete deficiency, as if then... Happening at a much deeper level see great gains when we work with close attention to the individual of! Mitigate the effects of autism danger that you 're shut down their clients needs of the nervous... As if it then signifies a lack of so much else rate-respiratory coupling other! People treat each other, their bodily autonomic states: an emphasis on vagal... Early experiences of abuse and long-term health also explains why some victims do not run away or in... They learn to play in this newness, then we work with close to..., a mobilisation system. case he has used false attributions of PVT to highlight importance. Resonate deeply with the scientific literature, PVT proposes that only mammals have a myelinated cardioinhibitory vagal originating! Why some victims do not run away or resist in the adaptive expression of emotion our neural circuits are cues. Science and is not in any dispute like emergency surgery, and many of us are counted among.! Case he has used false attributions of PVT to highlight the importance of his.... They mean I dont like this because they protect the general public from unqualified hacks foundation. State you are in climb the ladder up and out of the autonomic nervous states. High time to critically assess the value of Stephen Porges & # ;! Is an integrative model emphasizing brainstem regulation of the dorsal states and they... Why people act in the Stephen Porges & # x27 ; the long-term impact of adverse childhood experiences Aces. Only if the term RSA only when discussing mammals dealing with a life threat, you most go! Private work miss the wealth of the polyvagal theory, Dr. Porges describes the process which.
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