By September 1939, the Soviets were to all intents and purposes a co-belligerent with Nazi Germany, due to Stalin's fears of a second Munich Agreement with the Soviet Union replacing Czechoslovakia. After a series of heated meetings involving Britain, France, Italy and Germany, the Munich Agreement was signed . Czechoslovakia also lost 70 per cent of its iron/steel industry, 70 per cent of its electrical power and 3.5million citizens to Germany as a result of the settlement. "[42], On 28 September at 10:00am, four hours before the deadline and with no agreement to Hitler's demand by Czechoslovakia, the British ambassador to Italy, Lord Perth, called Italy's Foreign Minister Galeazzo Ciano to request an urgent meeting. Relying on the Convention for the Definition of Aggression, Czechoslovak president Edvard Bene[35] and the government-in-exile[36] later regarded 17 September 1938 as the beginning of the undeclared German-Czechoslovak war. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. On the German side the final version of Case Green, as approved by Hitler on May 30, showed 39 divisions for operations against Czechoslovakia. Mussolini demanded a free port at Djibouti, control of the Addis Ababa-Djibouti railroad, Italian participation in the management of Suez Canal Company, some form of French-Italian condominium over Tunisia and the preservation of Italian culture in French-held Corsica with no French assimilation of the people. Wadysaw W. Kulski, "The Anglo-Polish Agreement of August 25, 1939". Fredrik Logevall, and Dennis Osgood (JulyAugust 2010), "The Ghost of Munich: America's Appeasement Complex", low-intensity undeclared war on Czechoslovakia, GermanPolish Convention regarding Upper Silesia, Polish and Danziger areas annexed by Nazi Germany, GermanSoviet Border and Commercial Agreement, Moscow Conference and Declaration on Austria, GermanPolish declaration of non-aggression, Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance, SovietCzechoslovakia Treaty of Mutual Assistance, SovietBritishFrench Moscow negotiations, Convention for the Definition of Aggression, mutual military assistance treaty with Czechoslovakia, independently gained small territorial cessions shortly afterward, German occupation of the remainder of Bohemia and Moravia, beyond the legitimate Versailles grievances, List of Czechoslovakia interwar period weapons, "On this Day, in 1939: Slovakia declared its independence to side with Nazi Germany - Kafkadesk", Neville Chamberlain on Appeasement (1939), "Czech Republic: Past Imperfect 64 Years Later, Munich 'Betrayal' Still Defines Thought (Part 5)", "Britain and Germany Make Anti-War Pact; Hitler Gets Less Than His Sudeten Demands; Polish Ultimatum Threatens Action Today", "En France, seuls les communistes, deux dputs et quelques journalistes ont combattu l'accord", "Dziennik Ustaw lskich, 31.10.1938, [R. 17], nr 18 Silesian Digital Library", "German Foreign Policy and Poland, 193738", "Joseph Beck in the Light of Recent Polish Historiography", "Who Betrayed Whom? Download the illustrated PDF version. [18] He insisted that he would not "smash Czechoslovakia" militarily without "provocation", "a particularly favourable opportunity" or "adequate political justification. This settlement has become one of the most well-known examples of the dangers of appeasement, a strategy that involves giving concessions to an aggressor nation in order to avoid conflict. Many Czechs and Slovaks refer to the Munich Agreement as the Munich Diktat (Czech: Mnichovsk diktt; Slovak: Mnchovsk diktt). Posture is weak shwoing they are scared. By November, Jewish children had been expelled from their schools and their parents fired from their jobs. "[10] Some progress was made to integrate the Germans and other minorities, but they continued to be underrepresented in the government and the army. [30] Chamberlain decided to do this after conferring with his advisors Halifax, Sir John Simon, and Sir Samuel Hoare. Slovakia lost 10,390km2 (4,010sqmi) and 854,218 inhabitants for Hungary (according to a Czechoslovak 1930 census about 59% were Hungarians and 32% were Slovaks and Czechs[101]). What is Munich Agreement? 1 pages. The Soviet Union also had a treaty with Czechoslovakia, and it indicated willingness to cooperate with France and Great Britain if they decided to come to Czechoslovakias defense, but the Soviet Union and its potential services were ignored throughout the crisis, As Hitler continued to make inflammatory speeches demanding that Germans in Czechoslovakia be reunited with their homeland, war seemed imminent. The reason was complicated and interesting. [28] Hitler accused the government of Czechoslovakia of being a client regime of France, claiming that the French Minister of Aviation Pierre Cot had said, "We need this state as a base from which to drop bombs with greater ease to destroy Germany's economy and its industry. Quickly scan the cartoon. Image No. +91 99094 91629; info@sentinelinfotech.com; Mon. "[3], Hitler's adjutant, Fritz Wiedemann, recalled after the war that he was "very shocked" by Hitler's new plans to attack Britain and France three to four years after "deal[ing] with the situation" in Czechoslovakia. Churchill, speaking about the Munich Agreement in 1938. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [32], On 20 September, German opponents within the military met to discuss the final plans of a plot they had developed to overthrow the Nazi regime. Clothing (axis) Hitler and Mussolini are in military uniform showing us that they are ready for war. In short, the Munich Agreement did not cause World War . Both Britain and France, therefore, advised Czechoslovakia to accede to Germany's demands. Bearing an agreement signed by Adolf Hitler, he addressed the assembled crowd to ensure them that he had secured " peace for our time. (4) The Munich Agreement was meant to bring " peace for our time ," as heralded by one of its signers, Neville Chamberlain. [49], The slogan "About us, without us!" Mussolini agreed. The Munich Agreement was an agreement between France, Italy, Germany and Britain.After Germany threatened an invasion of the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia, the British and the French prime ministers tried to get Adolf Hitler to agree not to use his military in the future in return for taking the land. The following day, Carpatho-Ukraine proclaimed independence as well, but after three days, it was completely occupied and annexed by Hungary. As one knows, the Nazi Germany did not . The Soviet Union announced its willingness to come to Czechoslovakia's assistance, provided that the Red Army would be able to cross Polish and Romanian territory. On 30 September, Czechoslovakia yielded to the combination of military pressure by Germany, Poland, and Hungary, and diplomatic pressure by the United Kingdom and France, and agreed to give up territory to Germany on Munich terms. Hitler did not reply. Document C: Bartlett Vernon Bartlett was an outspoken critic of the Munich Agreement. During the meeting with Hitler, Hcha was threatened with the bombing of Prague if he refused to order the Czech troops to lay down their arms. Joseph Stalin was upset by the results of the Munich conference. WW2 Appeasement - Cartoon Analysis (Chamberlain Vs Mars) Jamie Portman 2.31K subscribers 7.3K views 10 years ago This video provides an in depth analysis of a GCSE History cartoon from the. However, there was opposition from the start. "[88], As the threats of Germany and of a European war became more evident, opinions on the agreement became more hostile. The Munich Agreement The Agreement was signed among Germany, France, Italy, and Great Britain on September 29-30, 1938. This morning I had another talk with the German Chancellor, Herr Hitler, and here is the paper which bears his name upon it as well as mine. Analysis Columnists Editorial Cartoon . Hitler as 'conductor' of European dictators [52], The New York Times headline on the Munich agreement read "Hitler gets less than his Sudeten demands" and reported that a "joyful crowd" hailed Daladier on his return to France and that Chamberlain was "wildly cheered" on his return to Britain. This statement was formally communicated to Dr. Bene on the 11th November, 1940. Click here for the interpretation The Story of the Pact a. Britain and Russia . Stalin concluded that the West had colluded with Hitler to hand over a country in Central Europe to the Germans, causing concern that they might do the same to the Soviet Union in the future to allow its partition between the western nations. They claimed that the success of US foreign policy often depends upon a president withstanding "the inevitable charges of appeasement that accompany any decision to negotiate with hostile powers." On 25 September, Czechoslovakia agreed to the conditions previously agreed upon by Britain, France, and Germany. He was elected to Parliament in 1938, in part, because of his opposition to appeasement. That could then arm about half of the Wehrmacht. Shortly afterwards, Hitler reneged on his solemn promises to respect the integrity of Czechoslovakia by invading Czechia and turning it into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, giving Germany full control of what remained of Czechoslovakia, including its significant military arsenal that later played an important role in Germany's invasions of Poland and France. [123] After Mussolini's fascist leadership had been replaced, the Italian Government followed suit and did the same.[123]. On 30 September after some rest, Chamberlain went to Hitler's apartment in the Prinzregentenstrae and asked him to sign a statement calling the Anglo-German Naval Agreement "symbolic of the desire of our two countries never to go to war with one another again. After Hitler's interpreter translated it for him, he happily agreed. Editorial. Exploring Public Speaking Chapter 2 Audience Analysis and Listening 30 explain. [12] The SdP gained 88% of the ethnic German votes in May 1938. [31] Chamberlain arrived by a chartered British Airways Lockheed Electra in Germany on 15 September and then arrived at Hitler's residence in Berchtesgaden for the meeting. Published on Life magazine, October 17,1938. [66], Poland was building up a secret Polish organization in the area of Zaolzie from 1935. The memorandum also stated that if Czechoslovakia did not agree to the German demands by 2pm on 28 September, Germany would take the Sudetenland by force. [50] With Sudetenland gone to Germany, Czecho-Slovakia (as the state was now renamed) lost its defensible border with Germany and the Czechoslovak border fortifications. "France and the Czechoslovak crisis. The First Czechoslovak Republic was created in 1918 after the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the end of World War I. Source Analysis; Age Group. Search ID: CS243693. [full citation needed], In Germany, the Sudeten crisis led to the so-called Oster conspiracy. September 30th, 1938 - Hitler has demanded the Sudetenland and France and Britain, desperate to stop a war they do not want to fight, sign the Munich agreeme. Enj 2008. Tomorrow it will be the turn of Poland and Romania. On his return to Paris, Daladier, who had expected a hostile crowd, was acclaimed. Mr. Churchill then said that the Munich Agreement had been destroyed by the Germans. My Government accept your Excellency's note as a practical solution of the questions and difficulties of vital importance for Czecho-Slovakia which emerged between our two countries as the consequence of the Munich Agreement, maintaining, of course, our political and juridical position with regard to the Munich Agreement and the events which followed it as expressed in the note of the Czecho-Slovak Ministry for Foreign Affairs of the 16th December, 1941. The Munich Agreement was a compromise made between the four of the most powerful countries in Europe in 1938. "[65] Perhaps discouraged by the arguments of French military leaders and civilian officials regarding their unprepared military and weak financial situation, and still traumatized by France's bloodbath in World War I, which he had personally witnessed, Daladier ultimately let Chamberlain have his way. "[44] Upon speaking with Chamberlain, Lord Perth gave Chamberlain's thanks to Mussolini as well as Chamberlain's request that Mussolini attend a four-power conference of Britain, France, Germany, and Italy in Munich on 29 September to settle the Sudeten problem prior to the deadline of 2:00pm. 2) Tell the class about your source and present the argument you have found. Britain and France, on the other hand, wanted to avoid war at all costs. The issue with this treaty is that it treated Germany, viewed as the instigator of the conflict, unfairly. [28] Hitler accused Bene of seeking to gradually exterminate the Sudeten Germans and claimed that since Czechoslovakia's creation, over 600,000 Germans had been intentionally forced out of their homes under the threat of starvation if they did not leave. Prime Minister Daladier of France did not believe, as one scholar put it, that a European War was justified "to maintain three million Germans under Czech sovereignty." The Munich Agreement was an astonishingly successful strategy for the Nazi party leader Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) in the months leading up to World War II. [5], In March 1939, the First Slovak Republic, a Nazi puppet state, proclaimed its independence. Hitler . [70], Polish diplomatic actions were accompanied by placing army along the Czechoslovak border on 2324 September and by giving an order to the so-called "battle units" of Zaolzie Poles and the "Zaolzie Legion", a paramilitary organisation that was made up of volunteers from all over Poland, to cross the border to Czechoslovakia and attack Czechoslovak units. [39] The Czechoslovak Ambassador to the United Kingdom, Jan Masaryk, was elated upon hearing of the support for Czechoslovakia from British and French opponents of Hitler's plans, saying "The nation of Saint Wenceslas will never be a nation of slaves."[39]. Sudetenland was the western regions of Czechoslovakia, which were primarily inhabited by . [47], In the days following Munich, Chamberlain received more than 20,000 letters and telegrams of thanks, and gifts including 6000 assorted bulbs from grateful Dutch admirers and a cross from Pope Pius XI. Immediately after the occupation, a wave of arrests began, mostly of refugees from Germany, Jews and Czech public figures. It is all a matter of handshakes or war to him. [21], In the meantime, the British government demanded that Bene request a mediator. Administratively the annexed area was divided between Frysztat County and Cieszyn County. Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact -1939 (a.k.a. the Munich Agreement had convinced him that Britain and France would never dare to go to war with Hitler. [85] The British and French mostly used the Soviets as a threat to dangle over the Germans. In Low's illustration, the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia are ironically not invited to the conference. [23] General Ludwig Beck, chief of the German general staff, noted that Hitler's change of heart in favour of quick action was Czechoslovak defences still being improvised, which would no longer be the case two to three years later, and British rearmament not coming into effect until 1941 or 1942. England has been offered a choice between war and shame. [68] Similar notes were sent to Paris and London with a request that Polish minority in Czechoslovakia should gain the same rights as Sudeten Germans. Hitler repeatedly falsely claimed that the Czechoslovak government had killed 300 Sudeten Germans. Mutares SE & Co. KGaA, Munich (www.mutares.com), as a listed private equity holding company with offices in Munich (HQ), Amsterdam, Frankfurt, Helsinki, London, Madrid, Milan, Paris, Stockholm and Vienna, acquires medium-sized companies in special situations, based in Europe, which show significant operational improvement potential and are sold . Beck hoped they would all resign together but no one resigned except Beck. [61][31], The agreement was generally applauded. Clement Attlee and the Labour Party opposed the agreement, in alliance with two Conservative MPs, Duff Cooper and Vyvyan Adams, who had been seen up to then as a reactionary element in the Conservative Party. An emergency meeting of the main European powers not including Czechoslovakia, although their representatives were present in the town, or the Soviet Union, an ally to both France and Czechoslovakia took place in Munich, Germany, on 2930 September 1938. "Ten propositions about Munich 1938. British cartoon, 1938. For full functionality of this site it is necessary to enable JavaScript. Both Daladier and Chamberlain returned home to jubilant welcoming crowds relieved that the threat of war had passed, and Chamberlain told the British public that he had achieved peace with honour. "[32] Chamberlain responded that he had not issued "threats" and in frustration asked Hitler "Why did I come over here to waste my time? Poland annexed the town of esk Tn with the surrounding area (some 906km2 (350sqmi), with 250,000 inhabitants. On 30 September, the Munich Pact was . The agreement was signed on Sept. 30, 1938, and in it, the powers of Europe willingly conceded to Nazi Germany's demands for the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia to keep "peace in our time." Some of you, perhaps, have already heard what it contains but I would just like to read it to you: ' We regard the agreement signed last night and the Anglo-German Naval Agreement as symbolic of the desire of our two peoples never to go to war with one another again.'[118]. Omissions? A-level - Life in Nazi Germany, 1933-1945. . [25] Hitler hoped that the Czechoslovaks would refuse and that the West would then feel morally justified in leaving the Czechoslovaks to their fate. Missing czech leader. [44] Nevile Henderson, Alexander Cadogan, and Chamberlain's personal secretary Lord Dunglass passed the news of the conference to Chamberlain while he was addressing Parliament, and Chamberlain suddenly announced the conference and his acceptance to attend at the end of the speech to cheers. At Hitler's insistence the Sudetenland was given to Germany. [31] A deal was reached on 29 September, and at about 1:30a.m. on 30 September 1938,[46] Adolf Hitler, Neville Chamberlain, Benito Mussolini and douard Daladier signed the Munich Agreement. [116], Germany stated that the incorporation of Austria into the Reich resulted in borders with Czechoslovakia that were a great danger to German security, and that this allowed Germany to be encircled by the Western Powers.[117]. Without them its independence became more nominal than real. Czechoslovakia, the country whose region was about to be annexed, was not officially party to the Agreement. He obtained his doctorate in Modern History from Oxford University and . Following Allied victory and the defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945, the Sudetenland was returned to Czechoslovakia, while the German speaking majority was expelled. On 2 October, the Polish Army, commanded by General Wadysaw Bortnowski, annexed an area of 801.5km with a population of 227,399 people. [34] The discussions ended with a firm British-French plan in place. ", Record, Jeffrey. Showing Czechoslovakia being divided. In the fall of 1938, Britain and France needlessly betrayed a crucial ally, Czechoslovakia, to Adolf Hitler. Between our two countries the Munich Agreement can now be considered as dead. WORDS: Are there labels, descriptions, thoughts, or dialogue? In September 1938, British PM Neville Chamberlain returned from Germany, having signed the Munich Agreement [as seen in this cartoon], and famously, publically, and ultimately ironically declared "My good friends, for the second time in our history, a British Prime Minister has returned from Germany bringing peace with honour. Gallup Polls in Britain, France, and the United States indicated that the majority of people supported the agreement. The Czechoslovaks were not consulted. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [44] Hitler's only request was to make sure that Mussolini be involved in the negotiations at the conference. She has chosen shame, and will get war. [12], Shortly after the Anschluss of Austria to Germany, Henlein met with Hitler in Berlin on 28 March 1938, and he was instructed to raise demands that would be unacceptable to the democratic Czechoslovak government, led by President Edvard Bene. Images. [77] (Czechoslovakia would have been attacked on all sides. Later that day he stood outside 10 Downing Street and again read from the document and concluded: My good friends, for the second time in our history a British Prime Minister has returned from Germany bringing peace with honour. On the 24th the French ordered a partial mobilization; the Czechoslovaks had ordered a general mobilization one day earlier. Revision Mat YouTube. . [107] On 14 March, Slovakia seceded from Czechoslovakia and became a separate pro-Nazi state. [84] The Soviets, who had a mutual military assistance treaty with Czechoslovakia, felt betrayed by France, which also had a mutual military assistance treaty with Czechoslovakia. Beck read his lengthy report to the assembled officers. Accordingly, the proposed removal of Hitler did not go ahead. In the light of recent exchanges of view between our Governments, I think it may be useful for me to make the following statement about the attitude of His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom as regards Czecho-Slovakia. [20], On 22 May, Juliusz ukasiewicz, the Polish ambassador to France, told the French Foreign Minister Georges Bonnet that if France moved against Germany to defend Czechoslovakia, "We shall not move." [57] In early October, Chamberlain's press secretary asked for a public declaration of German friendship with Britain to strengthen Chamberlain's domestic position; Hitler instead delivered speeches denouncing Chamberlain's "governessy interference. ), The Germans were delighted with that outcome and were happy to give up the sacrifice of a small provincial rail centre to Poland in exchange for the ensuing propaganda benefits. [28] He accused Bene of being belligerent and threatening behaviour towards Germany which, if war broke out, would result in Bene forcing Sudeten Germans to fight against their will against Germans from Germany. The next day, however, Hitler added new demands, insisting that the claims of ethnic Germans in Poland and Hungary also be satisfied. (Munich Agreement cartoon) He will start to cry, meaning Hitler will want more Munich Agreement cartoon quote? "[34] The meeting ended with Hitler refusing to make any concessions to the Allies' demands. The Munich Agreement Political Cartoon by gsbands.org | Published April 13, 2021 After successfully capturing Austria in Germany in March 1938, Adolf Hitler looked forward to Czechoslovakia, where about three million people were of German descent in the Sudetenland. Try to make sense of it. For instance, several retired politicians well known not only for . The Sudeten Germans were under instruction from Hitler to avoid a compromise,[26] and the SdP held demonstrations that provoked a police action in Ostrava on 7 September in which two of their parliamentary deputies were arrested. I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your note of the 5th August, 1942, and I avail myself of this opportunity to convey to your Excellency, on behalf of the Czecho-Slovak Government and of myself, as well as in the name of the whole Czecho-Slovak people who are at present suffering so terribly under the Nazi yoke, the expression of our warmest thanks. Sentinel Infotech [67] In summer 1938, Poland tried to organize guerrilla groups in the area. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Munich-Agreement, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum - Munich Agreement, Spartacus Educational - The Munich Agreement, Munich Agreement - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). "Shh-hh! Your Excellency's note emphasizes the fact that the formal act of recognition has guided the policy of His Majesty's Government in regard to Czecho-Slovakia, but, in order to avoid any possible misunderstanding, His Majesty's Government now desire to declare that, as Germany has deliberately destroyed the arrangements concerning Czecho-Slovakia reached in 1938, in which His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom participated, His Majesty's Government regard themselves as free from any engagements in this respect. In his fascinating book, The Devils' Alliance: Hitler's Pact with Stalin, 1939-1941, Roger Moorhouse explodes such tidy hawkish narratives. [34] The proposed solution was rejected by both Czechoslovakia and opponents of it in Britain and France. Whilst Stalin-era Polish historiography typically followed the line that Beck had been a "German Agent" and had collaborated with Germany, post-1956 historiography has generally rejected this characterisation.[83]. Although the constitution guaranteed equality for all citizens, there was a tendency among political leaders to transform the country "into an instrument of Czech and Slovak nationalism. Then, on 1 October, Czechoslovakia also accepted Polish territorial demands. The Munich Agreement as History and Analogy | Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs The Munich Agreement as History and Analogy Dr. Martin Kramer September 5, 2018 Filed under: Conferences Well thank you, good morning. [111] Meanwhile, concerns arose in Britain that Poland, which was now encircled by many German possessions, would become the next target of Nazi expansionism. The Munich Agreement: Historical Reality and Contemporary Assessments. [24] In August, the German press was full of stories alleging Czechoslovak atrocities against Sudeten Germans, with the intention of forcing the West into putting pressure on the Czechoslovaks to make concessions. Other members included Captain Friedrich Wilhelm Heinz[de], and other military officers leading the planned coup d'etat met at the meeting. Czechoslovak President Emil Hcha traveled to Berlin and was left waiting, and orders to invade had already been given. We are in the presence of a disaster of the first magnitude we have sustained a defeat without a war, the consequences of which will travel far with us along our road we have passed an awful milestone in our history, when the whole equilibrium of Europe has been deranged, and that the terrible words have for the time being been pronounced against the Western democracies: "Thou art weighed in the balance and found wanting." . The Czechoslovak mountainous borderland that the powers offered to appease Germany had not only marked the natural border between the Czech state and the Germanic states since the early Middle Ages, but it also presented a major natural obstacle to any possible German attack. ", Ripsman, Norrin M. and Jack S. Levy. The settlement gave Germany the Sudetenland starting 10 October, and de facto control over the rest of Czechoslovakia as long as Hitler promised to go no further. Czechoslovakia was also forced to "sell" war material to the Wehrmacht for 648million of prewar Czechoslovak koruna, a debt that was never repaid. [70] The answer of Mocicki delivered on 27 September was evasive, but it was accompanied with the demand of Polish government to hand over two Zaolzie counties immediately, as a prelude to ultimate settlement of the border dispute. [94][95][96], Nazi Germany occupied Sudetenland from 1938-1945. Prior to the signing of the Munich Agreement, Western Europe 1938 was engulfed with fear of war with Hitler's Germany. [1] The pact is also known in some areas as the Munich Betrayal (Mnichovsk zrada; Mnchovsk zrada), because of a previous 1924 alliance agreement[2] and a 1925 military pact between France and the Czechoslovak Republic. 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A deal was reached on 29 September, Czechoslovakia also accepted Polish territorial demands solution was rejected both! And present the argument you have found at about 1:30a.m on all.. Axis ) Hitler and Mussolini are in military uniform showing us that they are ready war! After conferring with his advisors Halifax, Sir John Simon, and Germany of arrests began, mostly of from! War at all costs and opponents of it in Britain and France, therefore, advised to! Was formally communicated to Dr. Bene on the 11th November, Jewish children had been expelled from their jobs arm!
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