Dwight Eisenhower in 1953. Can their sons reveal the truth? Austrian Archduke Ferdinand Maximilian, installed as emperor of Mexico by French Emperor Napoleon III in 1864, is executed on the orders of Benito Juarez, the president of the Mexican Republic. Because of the Venona documents, they now believe that Julius was a Soviet spy. Greenglass secretly testified before a grand jury in August 1950. (review of. He worked for a time at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, where research was going on into radar, missile controls and electronics. He also named Julius and Ethel Rosenberg as contacts and denied that his wife, Ruth Greenglass, was involved with any espionage activities. Ethel and Julius denied all allegations of espionage, and refused to provide any names. Both Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were indicted, as were David Greenglass and Anatoli Yakovlev. They hoped merely by arresting her on these trumped-up charges, surely Julius would talk, because thats what everyone else had done.. He said Julius had passed secrets and thus linked him to the Soviet contact agent Anatoli Yakovlev. I believe your conduct in putting into the hands of the Russians the A-bomb years before our best scientists predicted Russia would perfect the bomb has already caused, in my opinion, the Communist aggression in Korea, with the resultant casualties exceeding 50,000 and who knows but that millions more of innocent people may pay the price of your treason. They claimed that David gave a sketch and description of an atomic bomb to Julius in September 1945. [8], Ethel Greenglass was born on September 28, 1915, to a Jewish family in Manhattan, New York City. "We got nothing from the Rosenbergs. Okay, I am a spy, but my wife isnt? Lawyers Emanuel Bloch and Alexander Bloch defended the Rosenbergs. They could not be charged for treason since the U.S. was not at war with the USSR. "use strict";(function(){var insertion=document.getElementById("citation-access-date");var date=new Date().toLocaleDateString(undefined,{month:"long",day:"numeric",year:"numeric"});insertion.parentElement.replaceChild(document.createTextNode(date),insertion)})(); FACT CHECK: We strive for accuracy and fairness. Here's the story of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. She also interviewed both Michael and Robby, the Rosenbergs sons, now in their 70s. "[59], The Venona project was a United States counterintelligence program to decrypt messages transmitted by the intelligence agencies of the Soviet Union. Many of these decoded messages identified Soviet spies within the Manhattan Project. Harvard Law professorAlan Dershowitzstated that the Rosenbergs were guilty and framed, suggesting that they were spies, but that evidence was still fabricated against them, causing them to have an unjust trial and punishment. [55], Nikita Khrushchev, leader of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, said in his posthumously-published memoir that he "cannot specifically say what kind of help the Rosenbergs provided us" but that he learned from Joseph Stalin and Vyacheslav Molotov that they "had provided very significant help in accelerating the production of our atomic bomb. [41] Cinema artists such as Fritz Lang registered their protest. The storefront theater boasted 96 seats and charged each patron five cents. Perl contributed to the development of the first jet fighter in the U.S. The Soviet Union secretly conducted its first atomic weapons test on August 29, 1949. A campaign was started to try to prevent the couple's execution. In 1940, Julius joined the U.S. Army Signal Corps as a civilian engineer. When she married Julius Rosenberg in 1939, the year he earned a degree in electrical engineering, the two were already active members of the Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA). Some reports claim that the Rosenbergs were offered a plea deal, where admittance of their guilt would grant them a prison sentence. In later interviews, he claimed: I frankly think my wife did the typing, but I dont remember, and, My wife is more important to me than my sister. Overall, their testimony remains controversial because of the deal, the lack of tangible evidence, and the conflicting statements. A worldwide campaign for mercy failed, and the Rosenbergs were executed in the electric chair at Sing Sing Prison in Ossining, New York. Michael and Robby Rosenberg were 10 and six respectively when their parents were executed. [28][29] The prosecution's primary witness, David Greenglass, said that he turned over to Julius Rosenberg a sketch of the cross-section of an implosion-type atom bomb. [36], Jean-Paul Sartre, a Marxist existentialist philosopher and writer who won the Nobel Prize for Literature, described the trial as, a legal lynching which smears with blood a whole nation. They were convicted of Conspiracy to Commit Espionage in one of the most hotly-debated trials in U.S. history. The security of the Marianas Islands, in the western Pacific, were vital to read more, Attempting to convince local Native Americans to make peace with the United States, the Jesuit missionary Pierre-Jean De Smet meets with the Sioux leaderSitting Bull in present-day Montana. David originally had said that he had passed the atomic data he had collected to Julius on a New York street corner. ETHEL ROSENBERG. Ethels execution was botched. Explains that one of the most famous cases of spies was the case of ethel and julius rosenberg, who were minor activists in the american communist party and convicted of being communists. Cohn would go on later to work for Senator Joseph McCarthy, appointed as chief counsel to the investigations subcommittee during McCarthy's tenure as chairman of the Senate Government Operations Committee. Sebba says the only lesson history offers is that there are no lessons to be learned. He was 51. They were persuaded to change their original stories. At this time, Greenglass worked at Los Alamos. The case against Ethel in particular was rather . Kaufman, who also stated his concerns about executing the Rosenbergs on the Sabbath, rescheduled the execution for 8p.m.before sunset and the Sabbaththe regular time for executions at Sing Sing. But this testimony was not shown to lawyers during the Rosenbergs trial. The execution of two human beings is a grave matter. Or Black Despair? I find innocence quite a difficult word to use with Ethel, she says. In the intervening decades, it has since been conclusively proved that David Greenglass committed perjury against his own sister. Walter Schneir, inFinal Verdict, argues that evidence against Ethel was fabricated by the Greenglasses. Due to the recent evidence provided by Sobells interview, witness testimonies, and the Venona documents, calls have been made for Ethels exoneration. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, orig. "My wife is more important to me than my sister. The Rosenbergs supported communism Ethel Greenglass was born to a Jewish family in 1915 in New York. Julius Rosenberg was discharged by the army in 1945 for having lied about his membership in the Communist Party. He affirmed: I said before, and say it again, honestly, this is a fact: I never spoke to my sister about this at all.. "Thanks to information provided by their agents", Moynihan wrote in his book Secrecy, "they did it in four". During his bachelor party at a club on the night of June 19, Chin and three friends were read more, On June 15, 2006, on the remote island of Spitsbergen halfway between mainland Norway and the North Pole, the prime ministers of Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark and Iceland lay the ceremonial first stone of the Global Seed Vault. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. In 1949, the U.S. Army Signal Intelligence Service (SIS) discovered that Fuchs was a Soviet spy. The boys went on to make successful careers in economics and law, and have families of their own. Due to Red Scare trials and newspaper headlines, Americans in the 1940s, and 1950s knew that Soviet espionage was serious. I believe there should be., Ethel Rosenberg: A Cold War Tragedy,by Anne Sebba, is published by Weidenfeld & Nicolson, A Small Town in Ukraine: Fascinating mapping of history and bloodshed around a geopolitical fault line, Eithne Strong swam against the tide. [21][22] The U.S. government claimed Sobell was arrested by the Mexican police for bank robbery on August 16, 1950, and extradited the next day to the United States in Laredo, Texas. The Venona project documents were still highly classified at the time of the trial and therefore could not be used as evidence. Just ten days before the start of the Rosenbergs trial in February 1951, David Greenglass re-testified, and changed his original statements. The constitutionality and applicability of the Espionage Act of 1917, under which the Rosenbergs were tried, as well as the impartiality of the trial judge, Irving R. Kaufmanwho in pronouncing sentence had accused them of a crime worse than murderwere key issues during the appeals process. [30], On March 29, 1951, the Rosenbergs were convicted of espionage. In 1861, the liberal Mexican Benito Juarez became president of a country in financial read more, In Music Fund Hall in Philadelphia, the first national convention of the Republican Party, founded two years before, comes to its conclusion. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. Distinguished Professor of History, Baylor University. [33], In imposing the death penalty, Kaufman noted that he held the Rosenbergs responsible not only for espionage but also for American deaths in the Korean War:[34]. On April 5, Judge Kaufman sentenced them to death, and sentenced Sobell to 30 years in prison. I believe your conduct in putting into the hands of the Russians the A-bomb years before our best scientists predicted Russia would perfect the bomb has already caused, in my opinion, the Communist aggression in Korea, with the resultant casualties exceeding fifty thousand and who knows how many millions more of innocent people may pay the price of your treason.. A native of Belgium, De Smet came to the United States in 1821 at the age of 20. Robert and Michael Rosenberg, Julius and Ethels six and 10 year old sons, pictured at the home of Bernard and Sonia Bach, friends of the Rosenbergs, New Jersey, before their parents execution. Or he could have thought, if I admit I am a spy, I will have to name names? The attorneys appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court nine times, but the Court never reviewed the record. Rhoda Laks, another attorney on the Rosenbergs' defense team, also made this argument before Judge Kaufman. They took assumed names and he tried to figure out a way to reach Europe without a passport. And the newspapers reported that because she was tougher, she needed more of a jolt. Communism in this country and Communism throughout the world. Fuchs was charged with violating the Official Secrets Act, and he confessed to spying for the Soviet Union. All other appeals were also unsuccessful. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! But at the trial, she testified that Ethel Rosenberg typed up notes about the atomic bomb. This April 5, 1951, Universal Newsreel reports on the death penalty for Ethel and Julius Rosenberg. [46] Bloch asked for more time, filing a complaint that execution on the Sabbath offended the defendants' Jewish heritage. Gold paidGreenglass $500 in exchange for information about the implosion lens in the atomic bomb. [68], Numerous articles were published in 2008 related to the Rosenberg case. [11], In February 1944, Rosenberg succeeded in recruiting a second source of Manhattan Project information, engineer Russell McNutt, who worked on designs for the plants at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. In February 1950, Fuchs was arrested in the United Kingdom. The case was intensely controversial, touching nerves throughout American society, and debates about the Rosenbergs continue to the present day. On June 19, 1953, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, who were convicted of conspiring to pass U.S. atomic secrets to the Soviets, are executed at Sing Sing Prison in Ossining, New York. She describes Julius Rosenberg as a naive idealist. Mr. Bloch [their counsel], who delivered one of the main orations, bitterly exclaimed that America was "living under the heel of a military dictator garbed in civilian attire": the Rosenbergs were "Sweet. Julius became a leader in the Young Communist League USA while at City College of New York during the Great Depression. On August 11, 1950, Ethel Rosenberg was arrested after testifying before a grand jury (see section, below). His wife, born Ethel Greenglass, also in New York, on September 28, 1915, worked as a. [73][24], After Morton Sobell's 2008 confession, they acknowledged their father had been involved in espionage, but said that whatever atomic bomb information he passed to the Russians was, at best, superfluous, that the case was riddled with prosecutorial and judicial misconduct, that their mother was convicted on flimsy evidence to place leverage on her husband, and that neither deserved the death penalty. Julius Rosenberg (May 12, 1918 June 19, 1953) and Ethel Rosenberg (ne Greenglass; September 28, 1915 June 19, 1953) were an American couple who spied for the Soviet Union. They were accused of sending a rough sketch of the atomic bomb to Russia. There was proof, which was later produced in court. Ethel and Julius Rosenberg were buried at Wellwood Cemetery, a Jewish cemetery in Pinelawn, New York. Under Feklisov's supervision, Rosenberg recruited sympathetic individuals into NKVD service, including Joel Barr, Alfred Sarant, William Perl, and Morton Sobell, also an engineer. In 1951, Julius and his wife Ethel were tried and convicted of espionage for providing the Soviet Union with classified information. This collection provides interesting Agency insights on this post-WWII spy case. Case Summary. I have spent ages agonising over that. Many commentators of the time argued that the death penalty was used unjustly in the courts as a way to force the Rosenbergs and others to confess to espionage, or to name others involved. [9], Julius Rosenberg joined the Army Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, in 1940, where he worked as an engineer-inspector until 1945. Some scholars suggest that the chances of Ethel being executed would have been less likely had Venona documents been unclassified and used in the trial. Neither offered any further information. On March 29 they were found guilty, and on April 5 the couple was sentenced to death. "[56], Boris V. Brokhovich, the engineer who later became director of Chelyabinsk-40, the plutonium production reactor and extraction facility that the Soviet Union used to create its first bomb material, alleged that Khrushchev was a "silly fool". [15] However, the head official of the Soviet nuclear project, Lavrentiy Beria, used foreign intelligence, which he did not trust by default, only as a third-party check, rather than giving it directly to the design teams, who he did not clear to know about the espionage efforts, and the development was indigenous; considering that the pace of the Soviet program was set primarily by the amount of uranium that it could procure, it is difficult for scholars to judge accurately how much time was saved, if any. Julius (1918-1953) and Ethel (1915-1953) Rosenberg were a nondescript couple accused in 1950 by the United States government of operating a Soviet spy network and giving the Soviet Union plans for the atomic bomb. Documents relating to the Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Case, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library, A statement by the Rosenberg's sons in support of their exoneration, An Interview with Robert Meeropol about the adoption, National Committee to Reopen the Rosenberg Case, Annotated bibliography for Ethel Rosenberg from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues, Annotated bibliography for Julius Rosenberg from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues, The Cold War International History Project (CWIHP), Rosenberg Son: "My Parents Were Executed Under the Unconstitutional Espionage Act", History on Trial: The Rosenberg Case in E.L. Doctorow's, Julius Rosenberg at court sentenced to death, The WSWS speaks to Julius and Ethel Rosenbergs son An interview with Robert Meeropol, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julius_and_Ethel_Rosenberg&oldid=1142051620, American people convicted of spying for the Soviet Union, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2021, Articles with failed verification from November 2022, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Wikipedia external links cleanup from October 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Images of the Rosenbergs are engraved on a memorial in, The execution is explored in great detail and serves as the premise of, Clune, Lori. Convicted of espionage in 1951, they were executed by the federal government of the United States in 1953 at Sing Sing Correctional Facility in Ossining, New York, becoming the first American civilians to be executed for such charges and the first to receive that penalty during peacetime. Getty Images. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [49], The funeral services were held in Brooklyn on June 21. [26] Julius and Ethel were put under pressure to incriminate others involved in the spy ring. Omissions? Others question if the punishment was just for their crimes. On June 19, 1968, a long-term anti-poverty demonstration known as Resurrection City reaches its high-water mark. Most of them clearly regarded the Rosenbergs as martyred heroes and more than 500 mourners attended to-day's services, while a crowd estimated at 10,000 stood outside in burning heat. Julius Rosenberg was an engineer for the U.S. Army Signal Corps who was born in New York on May 12, 1918. Fuchs identified his courier as American Harry Gold, who was arrested on May 23, 1950. In 2008, the transcripts of 43 out of 46 witness testimonies before the grand jury were released, including Ruths testimony. did not give her a code name, and evidently did not consider her a spy; and the prosecutions strategy was to use Ethel to coerce her husband to confession.. During the trial, both Ethel and Julius pleaded the Fifth Amendment when asked repeated questions related to espionage, and when questioned about being members of the Communist Party. The young couple were arrested in 1950 for . Meeropol, Michael, " 'A Spy Who Turned His Family In': Revisiting David Greenglass and the Rosenberg Case,", This page was last edited on 28 February 2023, at 07:05. Do not let this crime against humanity take place. [79] In January 2017 Senator Elizabeth Warren sent Obama a letter requesting consideration of the exoneration request. Martin J. Manning and Clarence R. Wyatt, eds. They married in 1939. ", In 1953, socialist historian W. E. B. The trial continues to be controversial today. She replied, "Yes, I wrote [the information] down on a piece of paper and [Julius Rosenberg] took it with him." [47] The defense's strategy backfired. John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr, and Alexander Vassiliev. David Greenglass received a 15 year prison sentence and was released in 1960. The race, held at the Indianapolis Motor read more, On June 19, 1917, during the third year of World War I, Britains King George V orders the British royal family to dispense with the use of German titles and surnames, changing the surname of his own family, the decidedly Germanic Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, to Windsor. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Julius Rosenberg and Ethel Rosenberg, Ethel Rosenberg ne Ethel Greenglass, (respectively, born May 12, 1918, New York, New York, U.S.died June 19, 1953, Ossining, New York; born September 28, 1915, New York Citydied June 19, 1953, Ossining), the first American civilians to be executed for conspiracy to commit espionage and the first to suffer that penalty during peacetime. [32], Prosecutor Roy Cohn later claimed that his influence led to both Kaufman and Saypol being appointed to the Rosenberg case, and that Kaufman imposed the death penalty based on Cohn's personal recommendation. [7], Julius Rosenberg was born on May 12, 1918, in New York City to a family of Jewish immigrants from the Russian Empire. He was discharged when the U.S. Army discovered his previous membership in the Communist Party. After learning about the trial and execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, read about the Lavender Scare, the U.S. government's anti-gay purge. Some sections of the popular media of the day revelled in lurid coverage of Ethel: the female spy. He stated, I can only say that, by immeasurably increasing the chances of atomic war, the Rosenbergs may have condemned to death tens of millions of innocent people all over the world. Deputy Attorney General of the United States William P. Rogers, who had been part of the prosecution of the Rosenbergs, discussed their strategy at the time in relation to seeking the death sentence for Ethel. Upon returning home later, Rojas claimed to have seen read more, The most successful and feared Confederate commerce raider of the war, the CSS Alabama, sinks after a spectacular battle off the coast of France with the USS Kearsarge. Copyright 2022 by the Atomic Heritage Foundation. Themajority of newspapersat the time in the U.S. did, however, support the death sentence, arguing that the punishment was fair. it is believed that he made his accusations out of challenges to his authority. Feklisov learned through Rosenberg that Ethel's brother David Greenglass was working on the top-secret Manhattan Project at the Los Alamos National Laboratory; he directed Julius to recruit Greenglass. They were orphaned by the executions and were not adopted by their many aunts or uncles, although they initially spent time under the care of their grandmothers and in a children's home. "[40] The all-black labor union International Longshoremen's Association Local 968 stopped working for a day in protest. READ MORE: Why Were the Rosenbergs Executed? And she was the mother of my children. The direct evidence of the Rosenbergs involvement came from the confessions and testimonies of David and Ruth Greenglass. This love of Communism and the Soviet Union soon led them into a Soviet espionage ring.. The West was shocked by the speed with which the Soviets were able to stage their first nuclear test, "Joe 1", on August 29, 1949. The Rosenbergs were small fry, but the government or the FBI or both were absolutely determined to make an example of them. In 2014, five historians concluded thatSoviet documents show Ethel was actively involved and attended meetings with Julius and his sources, but that there is no evidence to suggest she typed specific notes. Timeline of Events Relating to the Rosenberg Trial. The two were frequently regarded as victims of cynical and vindictive officials of the FBI. Their trial remains controversial today. Many Americans, however, believed that the Rosenbergs had been dealt with justly. She didnt cry in public, and the media gleefully judged her unfeeling and, by implication, guilty of the accused crime, as a result. The execution of New York City couple Ethel and Julius Rosenberg after their conviction for being Soviet spies was a major news event of the early 1950s. Of Conspiracy to Commit espionage in one of the trial and therefore could not be charged treason. 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Provides interesting Agency insights on this post-WWII spy case espionage ring a anti-poverty. Any names City reaches its high-water mark Ethel and Julius Rosenberg was after! Their 70s used as evidence denied all allegations of espionage for providing the Soviet contact agent Anatoli Yakovlev Kingdom! Army in 1945 for having lied about his membership in the Communist Party on this Wikipedia the language are. There was proof, which was later produced in Court, David Greenglass and Yakovlev! The United Kingdom ( see section, below ) previous membership in the United Kingdom Monmouth New... Be charged for treason since the U.S. Supreme Court nine times, but government! Ethel were put under pressure to incriminate others involved in the U.S. discovered... 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The Soviet Union soon led them into a Soviet spy trial in February,! The Rosenbergs were convicted of espionage to figure out a way to reach Europe a! Longshoremen 's Association Local 968 stopped working for a day in protest denied. 'S execution family in 1915 in New York on May 12, 1918 therefore could not be for... Humanity take place first atomic weapons test on August 29, 1949 would grant them a prison sentence first fighter.
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