Put briefly, Mahan as grand strategist argued that Britain's "sea power" underwrote its rise to strategic preponderance in the European system from 1650 to 1780. 4 (1904): 421-437; Nicholas Spykmans Geography and Foreign Policy, I-II, The American Political Science Review, Vol XXXII, Issue I, Vol XXXII, Issue II, (1938). Fast on the heels of these authors, the best comprehensive revision of Mahans argument came from the British naval historian Paul Kennedy in the 1970s. 212-228. 54. Margaret Tuttle Sprout, Mahan: Evangelist of Sea Power, in Makers of Modern Strategy: Military Thought from Machiavelli to Hitler, ed. revolutionary analysis of the importance of naval power as a factor in the rise Naval Academy in 1859, served in the Union Navy during the Civil War, and thereafter served on numerous ships and at several naval stations until finding his permanent home at the Naval War College. The books structure still bears some of this pedagogical DNA: readers will note a repetitive formula in the chapters as he delivered his thesis from lecture to lecture. Those commitments are not-so-distant descendants of Mahans insistence on overseas trade and logistical stations as a means of securing Sea Power, and with it, national strength. 71: No. Today, the Soviet Union is building the vital merchant counterpart to its naval fleet. [39] What distinguishes Influence as grand strategy, strategy, and polemicand why it is worth reading todayis the neat thread throughout weaving evidence around Mahans central thesis: that Britain rose to preeminence in the European system as a result of Sea Power. Manage Settings Traditionally, the Russian Navy had been a source of political recalcitrance. But theres just as much, if not more, tracking in the virtual world.". We are working now to provide clean text files for the entire collection. From the time of their publication, the writings of Alfred Thayer Mahan have framed dialogues on U.S. sea power, sea control, and maritime strategy. Mahan is skeptical, for example, of the galley as an analogy to steam-powered vessels. [8] If the test of theory is experience, then Mahan as a purely naval strategist has suffered many indignities. Cart All. As Mahan puts it when discussing the War of the Spanish Succession: The sea power of England therefore was not merely in the great navy, with which we too commonly and exclusively associate it; France had had such a navy in 1688, and it shriveled away like a leaf in the fire.[93] In this respect, Mahan actually shares a great deal with later critics who highlight the importance of a dynamic economy as the ultimate source of national or imperial power. In addition to The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, this series includes The Influence of Sea Power Upon the French Revolution and Empire, 1793-1812, which was a two-volume work published in 1892 and which Mahan himself rated his best; and Sea Power in Relation to the War of 1812, also a two-volume set appearing in 1905. [33] Without the former, the latter rests on weak foundations. Soviet Seapower in Light of Mahans Principles, CNO Naval History - Midshipmen and Cadets, CNO Naval History - Professional Historian. Review by Dr. Joseph Moretz, Ph D, FRHistS. Mahan begins with a discussion of the elements he considers to be the key to a nation's . create a network of American naval bases. from the meridian of western Asia Minor, until to the eastward it overpasses that of Japan. He envisioned an expansionist Russia needing to be contained by an alliance of the United States, Great Britain, France, Germany, and Japan, which is precisely what happened between 1945 and 1991. Mahan was not alone in urging this. 2. But as Mahan noted, naval power constitutes only a portion of a states sea power. [58] Some years later, and more concretely, Mahan was able to secure funding for the Naval War College after winning over to Influences basic proposition the subsequent, and initially skeptical, Secretary of the Navy Hilary A. Herbert. [74] Lambert, Seapower States, 333. William Leeman and John B. Hattendorf, (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2020). guaranteed the independence of Mexico from Spanish control. Number of Population and Character of the People: Their ancient Russian heritage has instilled in Soviet people the qualities of tenacity and perseverance, valuable traits for a nation aspiring to the sea. [69] Daniel Immerwahr, How to Hide an Empire: A History of the Greater United States (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2019). The Influence of Sea Power Upon History: 1660-1783 is a history of naval warfare published in 1890 by Alfred Thayer Mahan. [11] Hugues Canuel, From a Prestige Fleet to the Jeune Ecole, (2018) Naval War College Review: Vol. Us, Write Nicholas Lambert, What Is a Navy For? U.S. The Inuence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution and Empire 1793-1812, Vol II (of 2) - Alfred Thayer Mahan 2020-08-15 Mahan transformed his lectures into book format, publish-ing The Inluence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783 in 1890. Beyond this tripartite definition, Mahan also sketches out a related, but more systematic means of predicting Sea Power in Influences first chapter, Six Elements of Sea Power. This list is unusually explicit and does not necessarily track across the texts empirical core. His work The Influence of Sea Power upon History, published in 1890, established the modern US Navy doctrine of maritime predominance: the higher the naval power of a country, the greater its global impact. This fleet was unprotected to a large extent during wartime, however, because of the Dutch peoples reluctance to pay the necessary upkeep of a large navy. He recalled that the books basic thesis dawned first on my inner consciousness. Mahans subsequent work, The Influence of Sea Power Upon the French Revolution and Empire (1892), carried this argument forward in an almost wholly derivative encore. In subsequent articles and books, Mahan accurately envisioned the geopolitical struggles of the 20th and 21st centuries. N.A.M. John Hattendorf (Newport, RI: Naval War College Press, 1991). State. [90] Ryan Waddle, Selling Sea Power Public Relations and the U.S. Navy, 1917-1941 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2019). It's free to sign up and bid on jobs. Tactics were conditioned by changing types of naval armaments. Diss., Temple University, 1999). It could have both. However, both of . Historians have offered equally sharp critiques of Mahan and his methods. Technological assimilation will come in time, as the Soviet Union continues to modernize its life-style and educate its people. Markets in the, Copyright The Influence of History on Mahan: The Proceedings of a Conference Marking the Centenary of Alfred Thayer Mahans The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783, ed. Yeah, reviewing a books Battleship Victory Principles Of Sea Power In The War In The Pacific could grow your close friends listings. What might be called the human resources of Sea Power are generally employed in peacetime by the merchant marine and related industries, making for a ready reserve that can be drawn on by the navy. This html article is produced from an uncorrected text file through optical character recognition. . States as spatial organisms Chapter 2 - Rudolph Challen and Friedrich Naumann "Central Europe" Chapter 3 - Halford Mackinder "The Geographical Axis of History" II (London: Sampson Low, Marston and Company, 1905), 164. RADM Stephen B. Luce established the Naval War College in 1884. These works brought Mahan world renown. In a virtuous cycle, physical access to the sea, commercial trade, and colonial possessions created national wealth. While serving as a professor at the newly founded (1884) U.S. Thomas Tommy Jamison isa military historian and assistant professor of strategic studies in the Defense Analysis Department at the Naval Postgraduate School. [73] Shulman, Navalism and the Emergence of American Sea Power; Mobley, Progressives in Navy Blue. He famously listed six fundamental elements of sea power: geographical position, physical conformation, extent of territory, size of population, character of the people, and character of government. The most brilliant successes, says Mahan, have followed where there has been intelligent direction by a government fully imbued with the spirit of the people. He demonstrates through historical example how a government must weave an interdependence between commercial and military necessities in order to create a truly effective navy. Mahan was one of the foremost proponents of the vigorous foreign policy [vi] There are over 160 articles, but if we start . of the British Empire. Writing at the turn of the 20 th century, Mahan was explicitly thinking about the role of sea power for the United States as it emerged onto the world stage, and his ideas, though very influential at the time, have fallen somewhat out of favor in more recent thinking about sea power. See also: Dingman, Japan and Mahan in The Influence of History on Mahan: The Proceedings of a Conference Marking the Centenary of Alfred Thayer Mahans The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783, ed. While the aircraft carrier replaced the battleship as the Queen of the Seas in the 1940s, the centralized battle fleet remainsfor now at least. Sign up to get updates about new releases and event invitations. First, Mahan looked for strategic points of convergence and concentration. [60] More systematically, subsequent geopolitical thinkers were quick to raise alternate foundations of national and international power, even as they borrowed Mahans fundamental interest in the nexus of geography, economics, and policy. Consider the context: By the 1880s, railway lines knit together the United States continental empire from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Great Britainan island nation with free access to the high seashad strong geographic incentives and advantages in the race for Sea Power vis--vis its continental rivals France and later Germany. In 1884, he was forced to apologize lamely to the Department of the Navy for having neglected to obtain the necessary data [about foreign ports] mainly through forgetting to do so.[53]. He stated, "In general . Among them, commercial pursuits must be a distinguishing feature of the nations that have at one time or another been great upon the sea.[34] For Mahan, national character also influences the capacity for planting healthy colonies, which is still another component of fully realized Sea Power. domestically, and he argued that the United States should seek new markets Written during a period of U.S. naval reform and expansion, Mahans research is at once a parochial argument about the need to revitalize U.S. sea power, and a broader account of the relationships between the ocean, trade, and national strength. Peter Karsten, The Naval Aristocracy: The Golden Age of Annapolis and the Emergence of Modem American Navalism(New York: Free Press, 1972). What concerned Mahan most was ensuring that the U.S. Government could who believed in sea power endorsed Mahan's doctrine. [65] In sum, Mahans grammar of international relations may have inspired other scholars, but his specific emphasis on the sea has not been universally accepted. While it is crude to see Mahan as a geographic determinist, he does stress the geostrategic features of the North Atlantic as key determinants of sea power. Wayne P. Hughes, Fleet Tactics (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1986/2000/2018). As Captain William H. J. Manthorpe wrote on page 133 of the May 1978 Proceedings: In the Soviet Navy, the authorities can depend on a young mans patriotism, his idealism, his suspicion of foreigners, and his fear of attack to make him ready to accept military service. Published in 1890 and 1892,. In 1886, Mahan was recalled from his Pacific postinglikely the best case for all involvedto assume a position at the freshly christened Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island by his mentor and patron Stephen B. Luce. It was Alfred Thayer Mahan who first coined the term "sea power.". [49]In asking what lessons might flow from the influence of Roman sea power on the fall of the Carthaginian Empire, Mahan arrived at the germ of his project. The publication of Mahans books preceded much of the disorder associated with Where should the coaling stations needed to support them be established? This had understandable appeal to industrialists, merchants interested in overseas trade, investors, nationalists, and imperialists, and peacetime America. Robert Seager II and Doris Maguire (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1975). The dominant evidence. It is a rapidly developing nation with more than 50% of the people living in urban areas, furthering the cause of industrialization- The people are mainly land oriented, as they have been throughout their long history. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. Some have argued that twentieth-century inventions like the submarine and the aircraft carrier make Mahan and his overwhelming emphasis on surface-capital ships irrelevant, but this is far too narrow a reading of the text. France was hamstrung in both wars by its need to balance against continental adversaries, and more generally because it lacked the political will to protect seaborne trade and commerce. Mahan identifies some important "strategic questions": What are navies' functions? Lambert echoes Kennedys criticisms of Mahan, but his reading of Influence is far less charitable. Mahan links naval activities to wider national and international issues and proposed a series of principles for professional naval officer to use in the formulation of naval strategy. There was an emerging power with . The author, Alfred Thayer Mahan, was a United States Naval officer and the son of the esteemed West Point professor Dennis Hart Mahan. China employs military actions to achieve political outcomes in territorial disputes. Charles Beard, The Navy: Defense or Portent? The distances between these seas, moreover, are greater than those that hampered France, and the seas themselves are entirely cut off from the major oceans of the w.orld. [68] In fact, the network of overseas ports and depots Mahan advocated is mostly akin to the sort of hidden empire detected by Daniel Immerwahr in How to Hide an Empire (2019).[69]. In 1885 (five years before Influence) the Chilean Revista de Marina caught the spirit, crowing: The trident of Neptune is the scepter of the world and the history in the support of this truth shows to us that the peoples who have taken hold of the empire of the sea surpass all the others in their riches, power and civilization.[52]Mahans failure to grapple seriously with this contemporaneous example of Sea Power in practice reflected either his racially motivated condescension toward Latin America or else his shocking lack of investigative talent. Today, as nations increasingly deploy their coast guards to assert sovereignty, the role of coast guards within Mahans conceptions of maritime powernamely, to maintain a nations access to the global commons and thereby bolster its domestic shipping capabilitywarrants further examination. British naval mastery, Kennedy stresses, tracked closely with the relative economic and industrial vitality of the home base and with it the Royal Navys ability to sustain imperial networks. As the custodian of U.S. ports and waterways, the Coast Guard safeguards the infrastructure necessary to access the global commons and realize sea power. Diss., Texas A&M University, 2001. Mahan is suspicious of democratic societies because they may struggle to maintain naval funding during peacetime (witness U.S. demobilization after the Civil War). the declining lack of economic opportunity on the American continent. Beyond this, an Outer Crescent and Outer Insular Crescent of the World Island includes the Western Hemisphere (including the United States), Britain, Australia, and Japannot coincidentally states that have historically invested a great deal in Sea Power. Far more enduring than his admittedly dated prescriptions on the conduct of naval war is Mahans broader theory of sea powercommerce, shipping, overseas possessions, and the means to protect themas the basis of national prosperity and influence. When war came, the proud Dutch merchantmen were driven from the seas, depriving the Netherlands of victory and vanquishing it from the front rank of world powers. the Secretary of State, Travels of Physical Conformation and Extent of Territory: Mahans discussion of the importance of the physical conformation and the extent of territory of a state is concerned with the number and position of seaports, the climate of the land, the extent of the coastline, the total population per area, and the degree of i" ternal development. Francis P. Sempa is the author of Geopolitics: From the Cold War to the 21st Century (Transaction Books) and Americas Global Role: Essays and Reviews on National Security, Geopolitics, and War (University Press of America). In an age of technological change, these ideas began to seem obsolete to an influential group of American naval leaders. Mahans most effective inquisitor in this regard has been American naval officer and educator Wayne P. That stress is the reason Influence is so often paired with later work by geopolitical thinkers such as Halford Mackinder and Nicholas Spykman. What concerned Mahan most was ensuring that the U.S. Government could guarantee access to these new international markets. Empire, 17931812, Current [6] Oscar Wilde, The Canterville Ghost, The Court and Society Review (1887). Philip Crowl, Alfred Thayer Mahan: The Naval Historian, in Makers of Modern Strategy: From Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age, ed. Dalam membangun sebuah negara yang memiliki kekuatan Angkatan Laut yang besar, menurut Astawa (2004) Sea Power Mahan diperlukan 6 (enam) elemen pokok He further understood that predominant Anglo-American sea power in its broadest sense was the key to ensuring the geopolitical pluralism of Eurasia. [16] As what Margaret Sprout called an Evangelist of Sea Power, he was remarkably successful: The Mahanian phrase has been appropriated by all the other branches of the armed services with varying degrees of fidelity (land power, air power, and surely space power is not too far off in the future). Even before Halford Mackinder's 1904 article "The Geographical Pivot of History," Mahan was contemplating a great fight between offshore sea powers and continental land empires. Asia, Southeast In the 1890s, Mahans ideas resonated with leading politicians, including Given authority, he is likely to be bureaucratic and to exercise his power arbitrarily and harshly.. Following the Civil War, Secretary of State William Seward had attempted to expand the U.S. commercial presence in Asia by purchasing Alaska in 1867, and increasing American influence over Hawaii by concluding a reciprocity treaty that would bind the islands economy to that of the United States. Influence then shifts focus to a century-long Anglo-French competition, punctuated by war. The first is the confluence of (1) Production; (2) Shipping; (3) Colonies and Markets,in a word, sea power.[22] A strong national economy is the foundation of Sea Power, and that foundation grows (Mahan believes) in large part through the movement of trade over the sea. Istilah Sea Power pertama kali muncul di akhir abad 19 oleh Rear Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan dalam bukunya The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, hal.1660-1783. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org [70] Mahan mentions production, Kennedy acknowledges, but he is more interested in seaborne commerce as the driving source of wealth; a significant distinction even if the concepts of trade and production routinely overlap in practice. Britain was successful in the War of the League of Augsburg (1688-1697) and the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714), chiefly as a result of its ability to maintain overseas trade and finance armed conflict on the Continent. Understanding them is important if conflict is to be avoided. may yield to one of those impulses which have in past ages buried civilization under a wave of barbaric invasion. Should China burst her barriers eastward, he wrote, it would be impossible to exaggerate the momentous issues dependent upon a firm hold of the [Hawaiian] Islands by a great civilized maritime power., Similarly, in The Problem of Asia, Mahan depicted a future struggle for power in the area of central Asia he called the debatable and debated ground, and identified the immense latent force of China as a potential geopolitical rival. Writing during the interwar period and World War II, he argued that the real contest for power in the 20th century would take place in the rimland around Eurasia (what Mackinder called the Inner Crescent) where Sea Power and Land Power meet in a sort of geopolitical estuary. As the decade wore on, Mahan found an increasingly receptive U.S. audience for his polemicespecially in positions of power. 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